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Ku famba-famba ka swirho ni tinyama swi nga endla leswaku ku va ni swihoxo eku vekeni ka X-rheyi hi nkarhi wa vutshunguri bya radiotherapy. Hikwalaho, switirhisiwa leswi nga ni swivumbeko swa michini ni swa radiological leswi ringanaka ni tinyama swa laveka leswaku swi tekelela ku famba-famba ka swirho leswaku ku endliwa vutshunguri bya radiotherapy lebyinene. Hambiswiritano, ku endliwa ka swilo swo tano swa ha ri ntlhontlho. Ti hydrogels ta alginate tina swivumbeko leswi fanaka na swa matrix yale handle ka ti cell, leswi endlaka leswaku ti tshembisa tani hi switirhisiwa leswi ringanaka na tissue. Eka ndzavisiso lowu, ti alginate hydrogel foams letingana swivumbeko leswi lavekaka swa michini na radiological ti endliwile hiku humesiwa ka Ca2+ in situ. Nhlayo ya moya kuya eka volume yi lawuriwile hi vukheta kuva ku kumiwa ti hydrogel foams letingana swivumbeko leswi hlamuseriweke swa michini na radiological. Macro- na micromorphology ya switirhisiwa yi hlawuriwile, naswona mahanyelo ya ti hydrogel foams ehansi ka compression ya kamberiwile. Swihlawulekisi swa radiological swi ringanyetiwe hi theoretically naswona swi tiyisisiwile hi experimentally hiku tirhisa computed tomography. Dyondzo leyi yi voningela eka nhluvukiso wa nkarhi lowu taka wa switirhisiwa leswi ringanaka na tinyama leswi nga tirhisiwaka eka ku antswisiwa ka mpimo wa radiation na vulawuri bya khwalithi hi nkarhi wa vutshunguri bya radiotherapy.
Vutshunguri bya miseve i vutshunguri lebyi tolovelekeke bya khensa1. Ku famba-famba ka swirho na tinyama swi tala ku yisa eka swihoxo eka ku vekiwa ka X-rheyi hi nkarhi wa vutshunguri bya miseve2, leswi nga endlaka leswaku tshumba ri nga tshunguriwi kahle na ku hlangana ngopfu ka tisele leti hanyeke kahle leti rhendzeleke eka miseve leyi nga lavekiki. Vuswikoti byo vhumbha ku famba ka swirho na tinyama i swa nkoka swinene eka ku hunguta swihoxo swa tumor localization. Nkambisiso lowu wu kongomisiwe eka mahahu, tanihi leswi ma hundzukaka swinene ni ku famba-famba loko vavabyi va hefemula hi nkarhi wa vutshunguri bya miseve. Timodelo to hambana ta swiaki leswi heleleke ti endliwile no tirhisiwa ku tekelela ku famba ka mahahu ya munhu3,4,5. Hambiswiritano, swirho ni tinyama ta munhu swi ni ti- geometri leti rharhanganeke naswona swi titshege ngopfu hi muvabyi. Hikwalaho, switirhisiwa leswi nga na swivumbeko leswi ringanaka na tinyama swi pfuna swinene eka ku tumbuluxa swikombiso swa miri ku tiyisisa swikombiso swa thiyori, ku olovisa vutshunguri lebyi antswisiweke, na swikongomelo swa dyondzo ya swa vutshunguri.
Ku tumbuluxiwa ka switirhisiwa leswi tekelelaka tinyama to olova ku fikelela tijiometri ta xivumbeko xa le handle na xa le ndzeni lexi rharhanganeke swi koke nyingiso lowukulu hikuva ku nga fambisani ka swona ka michini loku nga kona ku nga vanga ku tsandzeka eka switirhisiwa leswi kongomisiweke6,7. Ku endla xikombiso xa biomechanics leyi rharhanganeke ya tissue ya mahahu, leyi hlanganisaka ku olova lokukulu, ku olova, na structural porosity, swi tisa ntlhontlho lowukulu eku endleni ka timodeli leti humesaka kahle mahahu ya munhu. Ku hlanganisiwa na ku fambelanisiwa ka swivumbeko swa michini na swa radiology i swa nkoka swinene eka matirhelo lama humelelaka ya timodeli ta mahahu eka ku nghenelela ka vutshunguri. Vumaki bya swiengeteri byi tikombise byi tirha kahle eku tumbuluxeni ka timodeli leti kongomisiweke eka muvabyi, leswi endlaka leswaku ku endliwa swikombiso swa xihatla swa tipulani leti rharhanganeke. Shin na van’wana. 8 va endle modele wa mahahu lowu nga humelerisiwaka nakambe, lowu nga onhakaka lowu nga ni tindlela ta moya leti kandziyisiweke hi 3D. Haselaar na van’wana. 9 va tumbuluxile phantom leyi fanaka swinene na vavabyi va xiviri eka ku kambela khwalithi ya swifaniso na tindlela to tiyisisa xiyimo eka vutshunguri bya radiotherapy. Hong et al10 va tumbuluxile modele wa CT ya xifuva hi ku tirhisa thekinoloji ya 3D printing na silicone casting ku humesa matimba ya CT ya swirhumbana swo hambana swa mahahu ku kambela ku pakanisa ka ku pima nhlayo. Hambiswiritano, swikombiso leswi swi tala ku endliwa hi switirhisiwa leswi swivumbeko swa swona leswi tirhaka swi hambaneke swinene na swa tinyama ta mahahu11.
Sweswi, ti phantoms to tala ta mahahu ti endliwe hi silicone kumbe polyurethane foam, leswi nga fambelaniki na swivumbeko swa michini na swa radiological swa parenchyma ya mahahu ya xiviri.12,13 Ti hydrogels ta alginate ti fambisana na swilo leswi hanyaka naswona ti tirhisiwile ngopfu eka vunjhiniyara bya tinyama hikwalaho ka swivumbeko swa tona swa michini leswi nga tunable.14 Hambiswiritano, ku humelerisa ku ringanana ka ultra-soft, ku fana na foam loku lavekaka eka phantom leyi tekelelaka kahle xivumbeko xa ku olova ni ku tata ka tinyama ta mahahu yi tshama yi ri ntlhontlho wa ku ringeta.
Eka nkambisiso lowu, ku tekiwile leswaku tissue ya mahahu i homogeneous elastic material. Ku tsindziyela ka tinyama ta mahahu ya munhu (\(\:\rho\:\)) ku vikiwa ku va 1.06 g/cm3, naswona ku tsindziyela ka mahahu lama pfurhaka i 0.26 g/cm315. Nxaxamelo wo anama wa mimpimo ya Young’s modulus (MY) ya tissue ya mahahu yi kumiwile hi ku tirhisa tindlela to hambana ta ku ringeta. Lai-Fook na van’wana. 16 yi pimile YM ya mahahu ya munhu hi ku tlakuka loku fanaka ku va 0.42–6.72 kPa. Goss na van’wana. 17 va tirhise magnetic resonance elastography naswona va vike YM ya 2.17 kPa. Liu na van’wana. 18 va vike YM leyi pimiweke hi ku kongoma ya 0.03–57.2 kPa. Ilegbusi na van’wana. 19 va ringanyete leswaku YM yi va 0.1–2.7 kPa hi ku ya hi datha ya 4D CT leyi kumiweke eka vavabyi lava hlawuriweke.
Eka swivumbeko swa radiological swa mahahu, ku tirhisiwa ti parameters to hlaya ku hlamusela mahanyelo ya ku tirhisana ka tissue ya mahahu na X-rays, ku katsa na xivumbeko xa elemental, electron density (\(\:{\rho\:}_{e}\)), nhlayo ya athomo leyi tirhaka (\(\:{Z}_{eff}\)), mean excitation energy (\(\:I\)), mass attenuation coefficient (\(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\)) na yuniti ya Hounsfield (HU), leyi fambelanaka hi ku kongoma na \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\).
Nhlayo ya tielektroni \(\:{\rho\:}_{e}\) yi hlamuseriwa tanihi nhlayo ya tielektroni hi yuniti ya vholumo naswona yi hlayeriwa hi ndlela leyi landzelaka:
laha \(\:\rho\:\) ku nga ku tsindziyela ka nchumu hi g/cm3, \(\:{N}_{A}\) ku nga nkarhi wa Avogadro, \(\:{w}_{i}\) ku nga xiphemu xa ntiko, \(\:{Z}_{i}\) ku nga nomboro ya athomo, naswona \(\:{A}_{i}\) ku nga ntiko wa athomo ya xiaki xa vu-i.
Nomboro ya athomo yi fambelana hi ku kongoma na muxaka wa ku tirhisana ka miseve endzeni ka nchumu lowu. Eka swihlanganisi na swihlanganisi leswi nga na swiaki swo hlayanyana (xikombiso, malapi), nhlayo ya athomo leyi tirhaka \(\:{Z}_{eff}\) yi fanele ku hlayiwa. Fomula leyi yi ringanyetiwile hi Murthy et al. 20: 1 .
Enerji ya xiringaniso ya ku hlohlotela \(\:I\) yi hlamusela ndlela leyi nchumu lowu kongomisiweke wu tswongaka matimba ya kinetic ya swiphemuphemu leswi nghenaka hi ku olova ha yona. Yi hlamusela ntsena swivumbeko swa swilo leswi kongomisiweke naswona a yi fambelani na swivumbeko swa swiphemuphemu. \(\:I\) yi nga hlayiwa hi ku tirhisa nawu wa Bragg wa ku engetela:
Xiringaniso xa mass attenuation \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) xi hlamusela ku nghena na ku humesiwa ka eneji ya ti photons eka nchumu lowu kongomisiweke. Yi nga hlayiwa hi ku tirhisa fomula leyi landzelaka:
Laha \(\:x\) ku nga ku enta ka nchumu, \(\:{I}_{0}\) i matimba ya ku vonakala loku nghenaka, naswona \(\:I\) i matimba ya photon endzhaku ko nghena eka nchumu. \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) datha yi nga kumiwa hi ku kongoma eka NIST 12621 Standards Reference Database. \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) mimpimo ya swihlanganisi na swihlanganisi yi nga kumiwa hi ku tirhisa nawu wa ku engetela hi ndlela leyi landzelaka:
HU i yuniti leyi ringaniseriweke leyi nga riki na tidimenxini ya ku pima ka radiodensity eka nhlamuselo ya datha ya computed tomography (CT), leyi hundzuriweke hi linear ku suka eka xiringaniso xa attenuation lexi pimiweke \(\:\mu\:\). Yi hlamuseriwa tanihi:
laha \(\:{\mu\:}_{mati}\) ku nga xiringaniso xa ku tsana ka mati, naswona \(\:{\mu\:}_{moya}\) ku nga xiringaniso xa ku tsana ka moya. Hikwalaho, kusuka eka fomula ya (6) hi vona leswaku nhlayo ya HU ya mati i 0, naswona nhlayo ya HU ya moya i -1000. Nhlayo ya HU eka mahahu ya vanhu yisuka eka -600 kuya eka -70022.
Ku endliwe switirhisiwa swo hlayanyana leswi ringanaka ni tinyama. Griffith na van’wana. 23 va tumbuluxile modele lowu ringanaka na tinyama wa miri wa munhu lowu endliweke hi polyurethane (PU) lowu eka wona ku engeteriweke nhlayo yo hambana ya calcium carbonate (CaCO3) ku tekelela ti linear attenuation coefficients ta swirho swo hambana swa vanhu ku katsa na mahahu ya munhu, naswona modele lowu wu thyiwile vito ra Griffith. Taylor24 u nyikerile modele wa vumbirhi lowu ringanaka na tinyama ta mahahu lowu tumbuluxiweke hi Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), lowu thyiweke LLLL1. Traub et al.25 va tumbuluxile xitirhisiwa lexintshwa xa tissue ya mahahu hiku tirhisa Foamex XRS-272 leyingana 5.25% CaCO3 tani hi performance enhancer, leyi thyiweke vito ra ALT2. Tithebulu ta 1 na 2 ti kombisa ku pimanisiwa ka \(\:\rho\:\), \(\:{\rho\:}_{e}\), \(\:{Z}_{eff}\), \(\:I\) na tikhoyifisiyense ta ku hunguta vukulu bya mahahu ya munhu (ICRU-44) na timodeli leti nga laha henhla ta ku ringana ka tinyama.
Ku nga khathariseki swivumbeko swa kahle swa radiological leswi fikeleleriweke, kwalomu ka switirhisiwa hinkwaswo swa phantom swi endliwe hi polystyrene foam, leswi vulaka leswaku swivumbeko swa michini swa switirhisiwa leswi a swi nge tshineli eka swa mahahu ya munhu. The Young’s modulus (YM) ya polyurethane foam yi kwalomu ka 500 kPa, leswinga kule swinene na leswinene loko swipimanyisiwa na mahahu ya ntolovelo ya vanhu (kwalomu ka 5-10 kPa). Hikwalaho, swa laveka ku endla nchumu lowuntshwa lowu nga fikelelaka swihlawulekisi swa michini ni swa radiological swa mahahu ya xiviri ya munhu.
Ti hydrogels titirhisiwa ngopfu eka tissue engineering. Xivumbeko xa yona na swivumbeko swa yona swifana na extracellular matrix (ECM) naswona swi lulamisiwa hiku olova. Eka ndzavisiso lowu, pure sodium alginate yi hlawuriwile tani hi biomaterial yo lulamisa ti foams. Ti alginate hydrogels ti biocompatible naswona titirhisiwa ngopfu eka tissue engineering hikokwalaho ka swivumbeko swa tona swa michini leswi lulamisiwaka. Xivumbeko xa elemental xa sodium alginate (C6H7NaO6)n xikan’we na vukona bya Ca2+ swipfumelela swivumbeko swa yona swa radiological kuva swi lulamisiwa tani hileswi swilaveka. Nkatsakanyo lowu wa swivumbeko swa michini na radiological leswi lulamisiwaka swi endla leswaku ti alginate hydrogels ti va letinene eka dyondzo ya hina. I ntiyiso, ti alginate hydrogels na tona tina swipimelo, ngopfu ngopfu eka ku tshamiseka ka nkarhi woleha hi nkarhi wa swirhendzevutani swo hefemula leswi tekeleriweke. Hikwalaho, ku antswisiwa kun’wana ka laveka naswona ku languteriwile eka tidyondzo ta nkarhi lowu taka ku lulamisa swipimelo leswi.
Eka ntirho lowu, hi endle xitirhisiwa xa alginate hydrogel foam lexi nga na mimpimo ya rho leyi lawuriwaka, ku olova, na swivumbeko swa radiological leswi fanaka na swa tinyama ta mahahu ya munhu. Dyondzo leyi yi ta nyika ntlhantlho wo angarhela wo endla ti phantoms to fana na tinyama leti nga na swivumbeko swa elastic na radiological leswi nga tunable. Swivumbeko swa swilo leswi vonakaka swi nga endliwa hi ku olova leswaku swi fambisana ni tinyama ni xirho xin’wana ni xin’wana xa munhu.
Nhlayo ya moya lowu kongomisiweke eka volume ya hydrogel foam yi hlayiwile kuya hi HU range ya mahahu ya vanhu (-600 kuya eka -700). Ku ehleketiwile leswaku foam leyi akuri nkatsakanyo wo olova wa moya na synthetic alginate hydrogel. Hiku tirhisa nawu wo olova wo engetela wa swiaki ha yin’we yin’we \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\), xiphemu xa volume ya moya na volume ratio ya synthesized alginate hydrogel swinga hlayiwa.
Ti foam ta alginate hydrogel ti lulamisiwile hiku tirhisa sodium alginate (Xiphemu No. W201502), CaCO3 (Xiphemu No. 795445, MW: 100.09), na GDL (Xiphemu No. G4750, MW: 178.14) leswi xaviweke kusuka eka Sigma-Aldrich Company, St. Louis, MO. 70% Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate (SLES 70) yi xaviwile kusuka eka Renowned Trading LLC. Mati lawa yanga deionized yatirhisiwile eka maendlelo yo lulamisa foam. Sodium alginate yi pfanganisiwile na mati lawa yanga deionized eka mahiselo ya kamara hiku tshama yirikarhi yi hlanganisiwa (600 rpm) kufikela loko ku kumiwa homogeneous yellow translucent solution. CaCO3 leyi hlanganisiweke na GDL yitirhisiwile tani hi xihlovo xa Ca2+ ku sungula gelation. SLES 70 yitirhisiwile tani hi surfactant kuva yi endla xivumbeko xa porous endzeni ka hydrogel. Nhlayo ya alginate yi hlayisiwile eka 5% naswona Ca2+:-COOH molar ratio yi hlayisiwile eka 0.18. CaCO3:GDL molar ratio yitlhele yi hlayisiwa eka 0.5 hinkarhi wa ku lulamisiwa ka foam kuva yi hlayisa pH ya neutral. Nhlayo i 26. 2% hi vholumo ya SLES 70 yi engeteriwile eka swikombiso hinkwaswo. Beaker leyingana xifunengeto ayi tirhisiwa ku lawula mixing ratio ya solution na moya. Volume hinkwayo ya beaker ayiri 140 ml. Kuya hi mbuyelo wa xibalo xa theoretical, ti volumes tohambana hambana ta nkatsakanyo (50 ml, 100 ml, 110 ml) ti cheriwile eka beaker kuva yi hlanganisiwa na moya. Xikombiso lexi nga na 50 ml ya nkatsakanyo xi endleriwe ku hlangana na moya lowu ringaneleke, kasi mpimo wa volume ya moya eka tisampulu tin’wana timbirhi wu lawuriwile. Xosungula, SLES 70 yi cheriwile eka alginate solution kutani yi hlanganisiwa hi electric stirrer kufikela yi hlanganisiwa hiku hetiseka. Kutani, CaCO3 suspension yi cheriwile eka nkatsakanyo naswona yi hlanganisiwa hiku ya emahlweni kufikela loko nkatsakanyo wu hlangana hiku hetiseka, loko muhlovo wa wona wu cinca kuya eka wo basa. Eku heteleleni, GDL solution yi cheriwile eka nkatsakanyo kuva yisungula gelation, naswona ku hlanganisiwa ka michini swihlayisiwile eka maendlelo hinkwawo. Eka xikombiso lexinga na 50 ml ya nkatsakanyo, ku hlanganisiwa ka michini swi yimisiwile loko volume ya nkatsakanyo yi yime ku cinca. Eka tisampulu letingana 100 ml na 110 ml ya nkatsakanyo, ku hlanganisiwa ka michini swi yimisiwile loko nkatsakanyo wu tata beaker. Hi tlhele hi ringeta ku lulamisa ti hydrogel foams letingana volume exikarhi ka 50 ml na 100 ml. Hambiswiritano, ku nga tshamiseki ka xivumbeko xa foam swi voniwile, tani hi leswi a yi cinca-cinca exikarhi ka xiyimo xa ku hlanganisiwa ka moya loku heleleke na xiyimo xa vulawuri bya volume ya moya, leswi endleke leswaku ku va na vulawuri bya volume lebyi nga fambelaniki. Ku nga tshamiseki loku ku nghenise ku nga tiyiseki eka swibalo, naswona hikwalaho ka sweswo mpimo lowu wa vholumo a wu katsiwanga eka ndzavisiso lowu.
Density \(\:\rho\:\) ya hydrogel foam yi hlayeriwa hiku pima mass \(\:m\) na volume \(\:V\) ya xikombiso xa hydrogel foam.
Swifaniso swa microscopic swa mahlo swa ti hydrogel foams swikumeke hiku tirhisa khamera ya Zeiss Axio Observer A1. Software ya ImageJ yitirhisiwile ku hlayela nhlayo na vukulu bya ku hangalaka ka ti pores eka xikombiso eka ndzhawu yokarhi kuya hi swifaniso leswi kumiweke. Xivumbeko xa pore xi tekiwa xiri xa xirhendzevutani.
Ku dyondza swivumbeko swa michini swa ti alginate hydrogel foams, swikambelo swa uniaxial compression swi endliwile hiku tirhisa muchini wa TESTRESOURCES 100 series. Tisampulu ti tsemiwile kuva ti rectangular blocks naswona ti block dimensions ti pimiwe ku hlayela ntshikelelo na strains. Rivilo ra crosshead ri vekiwile eka 10 mm/min. Tisampulu tinharhu ti kamberiwile eka xikombiso xin’wana na xin’wana naswona xiringaniso na ku hambuka ka ntolovelo swi hlayiwile kusuka eka mbuyelo. Dyondzo leyi yi kongomisiwile eka swivumbeko swa michini swa ntshikelelo swa ti alginate hydrogel foams tani hileswi tissue ya mahahu yi endliwaka eka matimba yo tshikelela eka xiteji xokarhi xa xirhendzevutani xa ku hefemula. Ku andzisiwa ka swona i swa nkoka swinene, ngopfu ngopfu ku kombisa mahanyelo ya dynamic hiku hetiseka ya tissue ya mahahu naswona leswi swita lavisisiwa eka tidyondzo ta nkarhi lowu taka.
Tisampulu ta hydrogel foam leti lulamisiweke ti skeniwile eka Siemens SOMATOM Drive dual-channel CT scanner. Ti parameters ta scanning ti vekiwile hindlela leyi landzelaka: 40 mAs, 120 kVp na 1 mm slice thickness. Tifayili ta DICOM leti humeleleke ti kamberiwile hi ku tirhisa sofwere ya MicroDicom DICOM Viewer ku xopaxopa mimpimo ya HU ya swiphemu swa 5 swo tsemakanya swa xikombiso xin’wana na xin’wana. Mimpimo ya HU leyi kumiweke hi CT yi pimanisiwile na swibalo swa thiyori leswi simekiweke eka datha ya density ya swikombiso.
Xikongomelo xa ndzavisiso lowu i ku hundzula ku endliwa ka swikombiso swa swirho swa munhu hi xiyexe na tinyama ta biological to endliwa hi vunjhiniyara bya switirhisiwa swo olova. Ku tumbuluxa switirhisiwa leswi nga na swivumbeko swa michini na swa radiological leswi fambelanaka na makhanikhi yo tirha ya mahahu ya munhu i swa nkoka eka switirhisiwa leswi kongomisiweke ku fana na ku antswisa ndzetelo wa swa vutshunguri, ku pulana vuhandzuri, na ku pulana vutshunguri bya radiation. Eka Xifaniso xa 1A, hi plotile ku hambana exikarhi ka swivumbeko swa michini na swa radiological swa switirhisiwa swo olova leswi ku ehleketiwaka leswaku swi tirhisiwa ku endla timodeli ta mahahu ya vanhu. Kufikela sweswi, ku endliwile switirhisiwa leswi kombisaka swivumbeko swa radiological leswi lavekaka, kambe swivumbeko swa swona swa michini aswi fikeleli swilaveko leswi lavekaka. Polyurethane foam na rhaba hi swona switirhisiwa leswi tirhisiwaka ngopfu ku endla ti models ta mahahu ya vanhu lawa yanga deformable. Swihlawulekisi swa michini swa polyurethane foam (Young’s modulus, YM) hi ntolovelo swikulu 10 kuya eka 100 wa minkarhi kutlula swa tissue ya mahahu ya munhu ya ntolovelo. Switirhisiwa leswi kombisaka swivumbeko leswi lavekaka swa michini na radiological aswi se tiveka.
(A) Ku yimela ka xikimi ka swivumbeko swa switirhisiwa swo hambana-hambana swo olova na ku pimanisiwa na mahahu ya munhu hi ku ya hi density, Young’s modulus na swivumbeko swa radiological (eka HU). (B) Xivumbeko xa X-ray diffraction xa \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) alginate hydrogel leyi nga na nhlayo ya 5% na Ca2+:-COOH molar ratio ya 0.18. (C) Nxaxamelo wa ti ratio ta volumin ya moya eka ti hydrogel foams. (D) Ku yimela ka xikimi xa ti foam ta alginate hydrogel leti nga na ti ratio to hambana ta vholumo ya moya.
Xivumbeko xa elemente xa ti alginate hydrogels leti nga na nhlayo ya 5% na Ca2+:-COOH molar ratio ya 0.18 xi hlayiwile, naswona mbuyelo wu kombisiwile eka Tafula ra 3. Hi ku ya hi nawu wo engetela eka fomula ya khale (5), mass attenuation coefficient ya alginate hydrogel \(\:\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) yi kumiwile tanihilaha swi kombisiweke hakona eka Xifaniso 1B.
Mimpimo ya \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) ya moya na mati yi kumiwile hi ku kongoma eka database ya swikombo swa swipimelo swa NIST 12612. Xisweswo, Xifaniso xa 1C xi kombisa ti ratios ta volume ya moya leti hlayiweke eka ti hydrogel foams letingana HU equivalent values ​​exikarhi ka -600 na -700 eka mahahu ya munhu. Nhlayo ya volume ya moya leyi hlayiweke hi theoretically yitshamisekile endzeni ka 60–70% eka energy range kusuka eka 1 × 10−3 kuya eka 2 × 101 MeV, leswi kombaka vuswikoti bya kahle byaku tirhisiwa ka hydrogel foam eka maendlelo ya vumaki byale hansi.
Xifaniso xa 1D xi kombisa xikombiso xa foam ya alginate hydrogel leyi lulamisiweke. Tisampulu hinkwato ti tsemiwile kuva ti cubes letingana ku leha ka makumu ka 12.7 mm. Vuyelo byi kombisile leswaku ku vumbiwile foam ya hydrogel leyi fanaka, leyi tiyeke hi swiphemu swinharhu. Ku nga khathariseki mpimo wa volumin ya moya, a ku voniwanga ku hambana lokukulu eka ku languteka ka ti foam ta hydrogel. Ku tiyimela ka hydrogel foam swikomba leswaku network leyi vumbiweke endzeni ka hydrogel yitiyile swinene kuva yi seketela ntiko wa foam hi yoxe. Handle ka nhlayo yintsongo ya mati lawa ya khulukaka kusuka eka foam, foam yitlhele yikombisa kutshamiseka ka xinkarhana kuringana mavhiki yo hlaya.
Hi ku pima ntiko na volumin ya xikombiso xa foam, density ya hydrogel foam leyi lulamisiweke \(\:\rho\:\) yi hlayiwile, naswona mbuyelo wu kombisiwile eka Tafula ra 4. Mimbuyelo yi kombisa ku titshega ka \(\:\rho\:\) eka volume ratio ya moya. Loko moya lowu ringaneleke wu hlanganisiwa na 50 ml ya xikombiso, density yiva yale hansi swinene naswona yiva 0.482 g/cm3. Loko nhlayo ya moya lowu pfanganisiweke yihunguteka, density yi tlakuka kuya eka 0.685 g/cm3. Nhlayo ya le henhla ya p exikarhi ka mintlawa ya 50 ml, 100 ml na 110 ml a yi ri 0.004 < 0.05, leswi kombisaka nkoka wa tinhlayo wa mimbuyelo.
Nhlayo ya \(\:\rho\:\) ya thiyori yi tlhela yi hlayeriwa hi ku tirhisa mpimo wa vholumo ya moya lowu lawuriwaka. Mimbuyelo leyi pimiweke yi kombisa leswaku \(\:\rho\:\) i 0.1 g/cm3 yitsongo ku tlula ntikelo wa thiyori. Kuhambana loku kunga hlamuseriwa hi ntshikelelo wale ndzeni lowu endliwaka eka hydrogel hinkarhi wa gelation process, leswi vangaka ku pfimba naswona xisweswo swiyisa eka kuhunguteka ka \(\:\rho\:\). Leswi switlhele switiyisisiwa hiku langutiwa ka swivandla swin’wana endzeni ka hydrogel foam eka swifaniso swa CT leswi kombisiweke eka Xifaniso 2 (A, B na C).
Swifaniso swa microscopy ya mahlo swa tifomo ta hydrogel leti nga na nhlayo yo hambana ya vholumo ya moya (A) 50, (B) 100, na (C) 110. Tinhlayo ta tisele na ku hangalasiwa ka vukulu bya ti pore eka swikombiso swa alginate hydrogel foam (D) 50, (E) 100, (F) 110.
Xifaniso xa 3 (A, B, C) xi kombisa swifaniso swa optical microscope swa tisampulu ta hydrogel foam leti nga na ti ratio to hambana ta volumin ya moya. Vuyelo byi kombisa xivumbeko xa optical xa hydrogel foam, leswi kombisaka kahle swifaniso swa ti pores letingana ti diameters tohambana hambana. Ku hangalasiwa ka nhlayo ya ti pore na diameter swi hlayiwile hiku tirhisa ImageJ. Swifaniso swa tsevu swi tekiwile eka xikombiso xin’wana na xin’wana, xifaniso xin’wana na xin’wana a xi ri na vukulu bya 1125.27 μm × 843.96 μm, naswona ndhawu hinkwayo leyi kamberiweke eka xikombiso xin’wana na xin’wana a yi ri 5.7 mm2.
(A) Mahanyelo ya ntshikelelo wa ntshikelelo-ku tsana ka ti foam ta alginate hydrogel letingana ti ratio to hambana ta volume ya moya. (B) Ku ringanela ka xikombiso. (C) Compression E0 ya ti hydrogel foams letingana ti ratio to hambana ta volume ya moya. (D) Ntshikelelo wo hetelela wa ntshikelelo na ku tsana ka ti foam ta alginate hydrogel leti nga na ti ratio to hambana ta vholumo ya moya.
Xifaniso xa 3 (D, E, F) xikombisa leswaku ku hangalasiwa ka vukulu bya pore swifana swinene, kusuka eka makume ya ti micrometers kuya eka kwalomu ka 500 micrometers. Vukulu bya pore kahle kahle byifana, naswona byihunguteka nyana loko volume ya moya yihunguteka. Kuya hi data ya xikambelo, vukulu bya pore bya xikarhi bya xikombiso xa 50 ml i 192.16 μm, median i 184.51 μm, naswona nhlayo ya ti pores hi ndzhawu ya unit i 103; vukulu bya ti pores bya xikarhi bya xikombiso xa 100 ml i 156.62 μm, xikarhi i 151.07 μm, naswona nhlayo ya ti pores hi ndzhawu ya unit i 109; mimpimo leyi fambelanaka ya xikombiso xa 110 ml i 163.07 μm, 150.29 μm na 115, hi ku landzelelana. Data yikombisa leswaku ti pores letikulu tina nkucetelo lowukulu eka mbuyelo wa statistical wa average pore size, naswona median pore size yinga kombisa ku antswa ku cinca ka trend ya pore size. Loko volume ya sample yi tlakuka kusuka eka 50 ml kuya eka 110 ml, nhlayo ya ti pores na yona ya tlakuka. Loko hi hlanganisa mbuyelo wa tinhlayo ta median pore diameter na pore number, swinga gimetiwa leswaku hiku tlakuka ka volume, ti pores totala ta vukulu lebyintsongo ta vumbiwa endzeni ka xikombiso.
Data ya xikambelo xa michini yi kombisiwile eka Swifaniso swa 4A na 4D. Xifaniso xa 4A xi kombisa mahanyelo ya compressive stress-strain ya ti hydrogel foams leti lulamisiweke letingana ti air volume ratios to hambana. Vuyelo byi kombisa leswaku swikombiso hinkwaswo swina mahanyelo yofana ya nonlinear stress-strain. Eka xikombiso xin’wana na xin’wana, ntshikelelo wu tlakuka hiku hatlisa loko ku engeteleka ka ntshikelelo. Exponential curve yi vekiwile eka mahanyelo ya compressive stress-strain ya hydrogel foam. Xifaniso xa 4B xi kombisa mbuyelo endzhaku ko tirhisa ntirho wa exponential tani hi modele wo tshinelela eka foam ya hydrogel.
Eka ti hydrogel foams letingana ti air volume ratios tohambana hambana, compressive modulus ya tona (E0) nayona yikamberiwile. Kufana na nxopaxopo wa ti hydrogels, compressive Young’s modulus yi lavisisiwile eka ndzhawu ya 20% ya muxaka wosungula. Mbuyelo wa swikambelo swa ntshikelelo wu kombisiwile eka Xifaniso xa 4C. Mimbuyelo eka Xifaniso xa 4C yikombisa leswaku loko nhlayo ya volume ya moya yihunguteka kusuka eka xikombiso xa 50 kuya eka xikombiso xa 110, compressive Young’s modulus E0 ya alginate hydrogel foam yi tlakuka kusuka eka 10.86 kPa kuya eka 18 kPa.
Hilaha ku fanaka, ti curves leti heleleke ta stress-strain ta ti hydrogel foams, xikan’we na mimpimo yohetelela ya ntshikelelo wa ntshikelelo na strain, swikumeke. Xifaniso xa 4D xi kombisa ntshikelelo wo hetelela wa ntshikelelo na ku tsana ka ti foam ta alginate hydrogel. Nhlayo yin’wana na yin’wana ya datha i avhareji ya mimbuyelo yinharhu ya swikambelo. Mbuyelo wukombisa leswaku ntshikelelo wohetelela wa ntshikelelo wu tlakuka kusuka eka 9.84 kPa kuya eka 17.58 kPa loko kuhunguteka nhlayo ya gasi. Muxaka wohetelela wutshama wutshamisekile eka kwalomu ka 38%.
Xifaniso xa 2 (A, B, na C) xi kombisa swifaniso swa CT swa ti hydrogel foams letingana ti air volume ratios to hambana leti fambelanaka na tisampulu ta 50, 100, na 110, hiku landzelelana. Swifaniso swikombisa leswaku hydrogel foam leyi vumbiweke yi lava kuva yifana. Nhlayo yintsongo ya swivandla swivoniwe eka tisampulu ta 100 na 110. Ku vumbiwa ka swivandla leswi swinga endleka swivangiwa hi ntshikelelo wale ndzeni lowu endliwaka eka hydrogel hinkarhi wa gelation process. Hi hlayele mimpimo ya HU eka swiphemu swa 5 swo tsemakanya swa xikombiso xin’wana na xin’wana hi swi xaxameta eka Tafula ra 5 xikan’we na mbuyelo wa xibalo xa thiyori lowu fambelanaka.
Tafula ra 5 ri kombisa leswaku tisampulu leti nga na ti ratio to hambana ta volume ya moya ti kumile mimpimo yo hambana ya HU. Nhlayo ya le henhla ya p exikarhi ka mintlawa ya 50 ml, 100 ml na 110 ml a yi ri 0.004 < 0.05, leswi kombisaka nkoka wa tinhlayo wa mimbuyelo. Exikarhi ka swikombiso swinharhu leswi kamberiweke, xikombiso lexi nga na nkatsakanyo wa 50 ml a xi ri na swivumbeko swa radiological leswi nga ekusuhi swinene na leswiya swa mahahu ya vanhu. Kholomo yo hetelela ya Tafula ra 5 i mbuyelo lowu kumiweke hi xibalo xa thiyori lexi simekiweke eka ntikelo wa foam lowu pimiweke \(\:\rho\:\). Hi ku pimanisa datha leyi pimiweke na mimbuyelo ya thiyori, swi nga kumiwa leswaku mimpimo ya HU leyi kumiweke hi CT scanning hi ntolovelo yi le kusuhi na mbuyelo wa thiyori, leswi hi ku famba ka nkarhi swi tiyisisaka mbuyelo wa xibalo xa mpimo wa vholumo ya moya eka Xifaniso xa 1C.
Xikongomelonkulu xa ndzavisiso lowu i ku tumbuluxa nchumu lowu nga na swivumbeko swa michini na swa radiological leswi ringanisiwaka na swa mahahu ya munhu. Xikongomelo lexi xi fikeleleriwile hi ku tumbuluxa nchumu lowu sekeriweke eka hydrogel lowu nga na swivumbeko swa michini na swa radiological leswi ringanaka na tinyama leswi lulamisiweke leswi nga ekusuhi hi laha swi kotekaka ha kona na swa mahahu ya vanhu. Hiku kongomisiwa hi swibalo swa theoretical, ti hydrogel foams letingana ti air volume ratios tohambana hambana ti lulamisiwile hiku hlanganisa hi michini sodium alginate solution, CaCO3, GDL na SLES 70. Nxopaxopo wa xivumbeko wu kombisile leswaku homogeneous three-dimensional stable hydrogel foam yivumbiwile. Hiku cinca air volume ratio, density na porosity ya foam swinga cinciwa hiku switsakela. Loko ku tlakuka ka volume ya moya, vukulu bya ti pore byi hunguteka nyana naswona nhlayo ya ti pores ya tlakuka. Ku endliwile swikambelo swa ntshikelelo ku kambela swivumbeko swa michini swa ti alginate hydrogel foams. Mbuyelo wu kombisile leswaku compressive modulus (E0) leyi kumiweke kusuka eka swikambelo swa compression yile ka xiyimo lexinene eka mahahu ya vanhu. E0 yi tlakuka loko ratio ya volume ya moya yihunguteka. Mimpimo ya swivumbeko swa radiological (HU) swa swikombiso leswi lulamisiweke yi kumiwile hi ku ya hi datha ya CT ya swikombiso naswona yi pimanisiwile na mbuyelo wa swibalo swa thiyori. Vuyelo bya kona a byi ri lebyinene. Nhlayo leyi pimiweke yitlhela yiva ekusuhi na nhlayo ya HU ya mahahu ya munhu. Vuyelo byi kombisa leswaku swa koteka ku tumbuluxa ti tissue-itating hydrogel foams letingana nkatsakanyo lowunene wa swivumbeko swa michini na radiological leswi tekelelaka swivumbeko swa mahahu ya munhu.
Hambi leswi kungana mbuyelo lowu tshembisaka, maendlelo ya sweswi ya vumaki yafanele ku antswisiwa kuva ya lawula ku antswa ratio ya volume ya moya na porosity kuva yi fambelana na vuprofeta kusuka eka swibalo swa theoretical na mahahu ya xiviri ya vanhu eka swikalo swa misava hinkwayo na swa laha kaya. Dyondzo ya sweswi yitlhela yi pimiwile eka ku kambela makhanikhi ya ntshikelelo, leswi sivelaka ku tirhisiwa loku nga kona ka phantom eka xiyenge xa ​​ntshikelelo xa xirhendzevutani xa ku hefemula. Vulavisisi bya nkarhi lowu taka byi ta vuyeriwa hi ku lavisisa ku kamberiwa ka tensile xikan’we na ku tiya ka michini hinkwayo ya switirhisiwa ku kambela ku tirhisiwa loku nga vaka kona ehansi ka swiyimo swa ku layicha leswi cinca-cincaka. Ku nga khathariseki swipimelo leswi, nkambisiso lowu wu fungha matshalatshala yo sungula lama humelelaka yo hlanganisa swivumbeko swa radiological ni swa michini eka nchumu wun’we lowu tekelelaka mahahu ya munhu.
Tidathaseti leti endliweke na/kumbe leti xopaxopiweke hi nkarhi wa dyondzo ya sweswi ti kumeka eka mutsari loyi a yelanaka loko ti komberiwa hi ndlela leyi twalaka. Havumbirhi bya swikambelo na tidathaseti swi nga humelerisiwa nakambe.
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