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Defect pasivation yitirhisiwile ngopfu ku antswisa matirhelo ya ti lead triiodide perovskite solar cells, kambe mbuyelo wa swihoxo swohambana hambana eka kutshamiseka ka α-phase abyi se va erivaleni; Laha, hi ku tirhisa thiyori ya ntirho wa density, hi kuma ro sungula ndlela ya ku onhaka ka formamidine lead triiodide perovskite ku suka eka α-phase ku ya eka δ-phase na ku dyondza mbuyelo wa swihoxo swo hambana eka xisirhelelo xa eneji ya ku cinca ka xiphemu. Mbuyelo wa simulation wu vhumbha leswaku swivandla swa iodine switala kuva swivanga ku onhaka hikuva swihunguta swinene xisirhelelo xa energy eka α-δ phase transition naswona swina energy yale hansi swinene ya formation eka perovskite surface. Ku nghenisiwa ka leyara yo enta ya lead oxalate leyi nga khulukiki ematini ehenhla ka perovskite swi sivela swinene ku bola ka α-phase, leswi sivela ku rhurha na ku khuluka ka iodine. Ku engetela kwalaho, maqhinga lawa ya hunguta swinene interfacial nonradiative recombination naswona ya engetela vukorhokeri bya ti cell ta dyambu kuya eka 25.39% (yi tiyisisiwile 24.92%). Xitirhisiwa lexi nga pakiwangiki xa ha kota ku hlayisa vukorhokeri bya xona byo sungula bya 92% endzhaku ko tirha hi matimba lamakulu ku ringana tiawara ta 550 ehansi ka simulated 1.5 G air mass irradiation.
Ku tirha kahle ka ku hundzula gezi (PCE) ka tisele ta dyambu ta perovskite (PSCs) ku fikelele rhekhodo ya le henhla leyi tiyisisiweke ya 26%1. Kusukela hi 2015, ti PSCs ta manguva lawa ti tsakerile formamidine triiodide perovskite (FAPbI3) tani hi leyara leyi tswongaka ku vonakala hikokwalaho ka ku tiya ka yona ka kahle swinene ka mahiselo xikan’we na bandgap yotsakela ekusuhi na ndzingano wa Shockley-Keisser wa 2,3,4. Khombo ra kona, tifilimi ta FAPbI3 hi thermodynamically ti hundza eka ku cinca ka xiphemu ku suka eka xiphemu xa α xa ntima ku ya eka xiphemu xo tshwuka lexi nga riki xa perovskite δ eka mahiselo ya kamara5,6. Ku sivela ku vumbiwa ka xiphemu xa delta, swivumbeko swohambana hambana swa perovskite leswi rharhanganeke swi endliwile. Qhinga leri tolovelekeke swinene ro hlula xiphiqo lexi i ku hlanganisa FAPbI3 na nkatsakanyo wa methyl ammonium (MA+), cesium (Cs+) na bromide (Br-) ions7,8,9. Hambiswiritano, ti perovskites ta hybrid ti xaniseka hiku anama ka bandgap na photoinduced phase separation, leswi kavanyetaka matirhelo na ku tshamiseka ka matirhelo ya ti PSCs leti humelelaka10,11,12.
Mindzavisiso ya sweswinyana yi kombisile leswaku pure single crystal FAPbI3 handle ka doping yina ku tshamiseka lokunene hikokwalaho ka crystallinity ya yona ya kahle swinene xikan’we na swihoxo swale hansi13,14. Hikokwalaho, ku hunguta swihoxo hi ku engetela crystallinity ya bulk FAPbI3 i maqhinga ya nkoka yo fikelela ti PSCs leti tirhaka kahle na leti tiyeke2,15. Hambiswiritano, hi nkarhi wa ntirho wa FAPbI3 PSC, ku onhaka eka xiphemu xa hexagonal yo tshwuka leyi nga laviwiki leyi nga riki ya perovskite δ swa ha nga humelela16. Endlelo leri hi ntolovelo risungula eka swiphemu swale henhla na mindzilakano ya mavele lawa yanga na khombo swinene eka mati, kuhisa na ku vonakala hikokwalaho ka vukona bya tindzhawu totala letinga na swihoxo17. Hikokwalaho, surface/grain passivation swa laveka kuva ku tiyisisiwa xiphemu xa ntima xa FAPbI318. Maendlelo yotala ya defect passivation, kukatsa naku nghenisiwa ka ti perovskites ta xiyimo xale hansi, ti molecule ta Lewis letingana acid-base, na ti ammonium halide salts, ti endle nhluvuko lowukulu eka ti formamidine PSCs19,20,21,22. Kufikela sweswi, kwalomu ka tidyondzo hinkwato ti kongomisiwile eka xiave xa swihoxo swohambana hambana eka ku kumisisa swivumbeko swa optoelectronic swofana na carrier recombination, diffusion length na band structure eka ti solar cells22,23,24. Xikombiso, density functional theory (DFT) yi tirhisiwa ku vhumbha hi tlhelo ra thiyori ti eneji ta xivumbeko na ti trapping energy levels ta swihoxo swo hambana, leswi tirhisiwaka ngopfu ku kongomisa practical passivation design20,25,26. Loko nhlayo ya swihoxo yi ya yi hunguteka, ku tshamiseka ka xitirhisiwa hi ntolovelo ka antswisiwa. Hambiswiritano, eka ti formamidine PSCs, tindlela ta nkucetelo wa swihoxo swohambana hambana eka kutshamiseka ka phase na swivumbeko swa photoelectric swifanele kuva swihambanile hiku hetiseka. Hi ku ya hi vutivi bya hina, ku twisisa ka xisekelo ka ndlela leyi swihoxo swi hlohlotelaka ku cinca ka xiphemu xa cubic ku ya eka hexagonal (α-δ) na ntirho wa surface passivation eka ku tshamiseka ka phase ka α-FAPbI3 perovskite swa ha twisisiwa kahle.
Laha, hi paluxa ndlela ya ku onhaka ka FAPbI3 perovskite ku suka eka black α-phase ku ya eka yellow δ-phase na nkucetelo wa swihoxo swo hambana eka xisirhelelo xa eneji xa ku cinca ka α-ku ya eka δ-phase hi ku tirhisa DFT. I swivandla swa ntirho, leswi endliwaka hi ku olova hi nkarhi wa ku endliwa ka filimi na ku tirhisiwa ka switirhisiwa, swi vhumbhiwile leswaku swi ta sungula ngopfu ku cinca ka xiphemu xa α-δ. Hikokwalaho, hi nghenise leyara yo enta leyi nga nyawuriki ematini naswona yi nga tshamisekangiki hi tikhemikhali ya lead oxalate (PbC2O4) ehenhla ka FAPbI3 hi ku tirhisa in situ reaction. Lead oxalate surface (LOS) yi sivela ku vumbiwa ka swivandla swa I naswona yi sivela ku rhurha ka ti ions ta I loko ti hlohleteriwa hi ku hisa, ku vonakala na tinsimu ta gezi. LOS leyi humelelaka yi hunguta swinene interfacial nonradiative recombination naswona yi antswisa vukorhokeri bya FAPbI3 PSC kuya eka 25.39% (yi tiyisisiwile kuya eka 24.92%). Xitirhisiwa xa LOS lexi nga pakiwangiki xi hlayise 92% wa vukorhokeri bya xona byo sungula endzhaku ko tirha eka ndhawu ya matimba ya le henhla (MPP) ku tlula tiawara to tlula 550 eka ntiko wa moya lowu tekeleriweke (AM) wa 1.5 G wa miseve.
Hi sungule hi endla swibalo swa ab initio ku kuma ndlela ya ku bola ka perovskite ya FAPbI3 ku cinca ku suka eka xiphemu xa α ku ya eka xiphemu xa δ. Hi ku tirhisa endlelo ra vuxokoxoko bya ku cinca ka xiphemu, ku kumiwa leswaku ku cinca ku suka eka octahedron ya swiphemu swinharhu leyi avelana khoneni [PbI6] eka cubic α-phase ya FAPbI3 ku ya eka octahedron ya xiphemu xin’we ya edge-sharing [PbI6] eka hexagonal δ-phase ya FAPbI3 swa fikeleriwa. ku tshoveka 9. Pb-I yi vumba xihlanganisi eka goza ro sungula (Int-1), naswona xisirhelelo xa yona xa eneji xi fika eka 0.62 eV/sele, tanihilaha swi kombisiweke hakona eka Xifaniso xa 1a. Loko octahedron yi rhurhisiwa eka tlhelo ra [0\(\bar{1}\)1], chain yo koma ya hexagonal yi anama ku suka eka 1×1 ku ya eka 1×3, 1×4 naswona eku heteleleni yi nghena eka xiyenge xa ​​δ. Nhlayo ya ku kongoma ya ndlela hinkwayo i (011)α//(001)δ + [100]α//[100]δ. Kusuka eka xifaniso xa ku hangalasiwa ka eneji, swinga kumeka leswaku endzhaku ka nucleation ya δ phase ya FAPbI3 eka switeji leswi landzelaka, xisirhelelo xa eneji xile hansi kutlula xa α phase transition, leswivulaka leswaku ku cinca ka phase kuta hatlisisiwa. Swi le rivaleni leswaku goza ro sungula ro lawula ku cinca ka xiphemu i ra nkoka swinene loko hi lava ku tshikilela ku onhaka ka α-phase.
a Endlelo ra ku cinca ka Xiphemu ku suka eximatsini ku ya exineneni – xiphemu xa ntima xa FAPbI3 (α-phase), ku hambanisiwa ko sungula ka Pb-I bond (Int-1) na ku ya emahlweni ka Pb-I bond cleavage (Int-2, Int -3 na Int -4) na yellow phase FAPbI3 (delta phase). b Swihinga swa eneji eka ku cinca ka xiphemu xa α ku ya eka δ xa FAPbI3 leswi simekiweke eka swihoxo swo hambana swa tinhla ta le ndzeni. Layini leyi nga na mathonsi yi kombisa xisirhelelo xa eneji xa kristala leyinene (0.62 eV). c Eneji ya ku vumbiwa ka swihoxo swa tinhla ta le henhla ehenhla ka perovskite ya ntsopfu. Abscissa axis i xisirhelelo xa eneji xa ku cinca ka xiphemu xa α-δ, naswona ordinate axis i matimba ya ku tumbuluxiwa ka swihoxo. Swiphemu leswinga na ndzhuti wa grey, yellow na green i muxaka wa I (low EB-high FE), type II (high FE) na type III (low EB-low FE), hiku landzelelana. d Eneji ya ku vumbiwa ka swihoxo VI na LOS ya FAPbI3 eka vulawuri. e I xihinga eka ku rhurha ka ion eka vulawuri na LOS ya FAPbI3. f – vuyimeri bya xikimi xa ku rhurha ka ti-ion ta I (swirhendzevutana swa orenji) na gLOS FAPbI3 (gray, lead; violet (orange), iodine (mobile iodine)) eka vulawuri bya gf (eximatsini: xivono xa le henhla; exineneni: xiphemu xo tsemakanya, xa buraweni); khaboni; muhlovo wa wasi wo vonikela – nayitrojini; yo tshwuka – okisijini; pinki yo vonikela – hayidirojeni). Data ya xihlovo yi nyikiwa hi xivumbeko xa tifayela ta datha ya xihlovo.
Kutani hi dyondze hi ndlela leyi hlelekeke nkucetelo wa swihoxo swo hambana swa tinhla ta le ndzeni (ku katsa na PbFA, IFA, PbI, na IPb antisite occupancy; Pbi na Ii interstitial atoms; na VI, VFA, na VPb vacancies), leswi tekiwaka tanihi swilo swa nkoka. leswi vangaka ku onhaka ka xiphemu xa athomo na levele ya eneji swi kombisiwile eka Xifaniso 1b na Tafula ro Engetela 1. Lexi tsakisaka, a hi swihoxo hinkwaswo leswi hungutaka xisirhelelo xa eneji xa ku cinca ka xiphemu xa α-δ (Xifaniso 1b). Hi tshemba leswaku swihoxo leswi nga na matimba ya le hansi ya xivumbeko na swihinga swa eneji ya ku cinca ka xiphemu xa le hansi swa α-δ swi tekiwa swi ri leswi onhaka eka ku tshamiseka ka xiphemu. Tani hilaha swinga vikiwa hakona khale, swiphemu leswi fuweke hi lead hi ntolovelo swi tekiwa swiri leswi tirhaka eka formamidine PSC27. Hikokwalaho, hi kongomisa eka PbI2-terminated (100) surface ehansi ka swiyimo leswi fuweke hi lead. Eneji yo vumba swihoxo ya swihoxo swa tinhla ta le henhla swi kombisiwile eka Xifaniso xa 1c na Tafula ro Engetela 1. Hi ku ya hi xisirhelelo xa eneji (EB) na eneji yo vumba ku cinca ka xiphemu (FE), swihoxo leswi swi avanyisiwile hi tinxaka tinharhu. Muxaka wa I (low EB-high FE): Hambi leswi IPb, VFA na VPb swi hungutaka swinene xisirhelelo xa eneji eka ku cinca ka xiphemu, tina matimba yale henhla ya xivumbeko. Hikokwalaho, hi tshemba leswaku tinxaka leti ta swihoxo tina nkucetelo wo koma eka ku cinca ka swiphemu tani hileswi swinga talaka ku vumbiwa. Muxaka wa II (EB yale henhla): Hikwalaho ka ku antswisiwa ka α-δ phase transition energy barrier, swihoxo swa anti-site PbI, IFA na PbFA aswi onhi ku tshamiseka ka phase ya α-FAPbI3 perovskite. Muxaka wa III (low EB-low FE): Swihoxo swa VI, Ii na Pbi leswingana matimba yale hansi swinene ya formation swinga vanga ku onhaka ka black phase. Ngopfungopfu loko hi languta FE ya le hansi swinene na EB VI, hi tshemba leswaku maqhinga lama tirhaka swinene i ku hunguta swivandla swa I.
Ku hunguta VI, hi tumbuluxile leyara yo enta ya PbC2O4 ku antswisa vuandlalo bya FAPbI3. Loko ku pimanyisiwa na ti organic halide salt passivators tofana na phenylethylammonium iodide (PEAI) na n-octylammonium iodide (OAI), PbC2O4, leyinga na ti mobile halogen ions, yitshamisekile hi ti khemikhali, ayi khuluki ematini, naswona yi pfaleriwa hiku olova loko yi hlohleteriwa. Ku tiyisisiwa kahle ka ndzhongho wa le henhla na nsimu ya gezi ya perovskite. Ku n’oka ka PbC2O4 ematini i ntsena 0.00065 g/L, leswinga ehansi swinene kutlula swa PbSO428. Xa nkoka swinene, ti layers to enta na leti fanaka ta LOS tinga lulamisiwa hiku olova eka ti perovskite films hiku tirhisa ti in situ reactions (vona laha hansi). Hi endlile swifaniso swa DFT swa ku hlanganisiwa ka vuhlanganisi exikarhi ka FAPbI3 na PbC2O4 tanihilaha swi kombisiweke hakona eka Xifaniso xo Engetela 1. Tafula ro Engetela ra 2 ri humesa eneji ya ku vumbiwa ka swihoxo endzhaku ka ku cheriwa ka LOS. Hi kumile leswaku LOS ayi engeteli ntsena matimba ya xivumbeko xa swihoxo swa VI hi 0.69–1.53 eV (Xifaniso 1d), kambe yitlhela yi engetela matimba ya activation ya I eka vuandlalo bya migration na exit surface (Xifaniso 1e). Eka xiteji xosungula, ti ions ta I ti rhurhela etlhelo ka perovskite surface, ti siya ti ions ta VI eka xiyimo xa lattice na energy barrier ya 0.61 eV. Endzhaku ka ku nghenisiwa ka LOS, hikokwalaho ka mbuyelo wa steric hindrance, activation energy ya ku rhurha ka I ions yi tlakuka kuya eka. 1.28 eV. Hi nkarhi wa ku rhurha ka ti ions ta I leti sukaka ehenhla ka perovskite, xisirhelelo xa eneji eka VOC na xona xi le henhla kutlula eka xikombiso xa vulawuri (Fig. 1e). Swifaniso swa xikimi swa tindlela ta ku rhurha ka I ion eka vulawuri na LOS FAPbI3 swi kombisiwile eka Xifaniso 1 f na g, hi ku landzelelana. Mimbuyelo ya simulation yikombisa leswaku LOS yinga sivela ku tumbuluxiwa ka swihoxo swa VI xikan’we naku khuluka ka I, hindlela yaleyo yi sivela nucleation ya α kuya eka δ phase transition.
Ku cinca cinca exikarhi ka oxalic acid na FAPbI3 perovskite swikamberiwile. Endzhaku ko hlanganisa swintshuxo swa oxalic acid na FAPbI3, nhlayo leyikulu ya precipitate yo basa yivumbiwile, tani hileswi swikombisiweke eka Xifaniso xo Engetela 2. Xiendliwa xa powder xi tiviwile tani hi pure PbC2O4 material hiku tirhisa X-ray diffraction (XRD) (Xifaniso xo Engetela 3) na Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) (Xifaniso xo Engetela 4). Hi kumile leswaku oxalic acid yi n’oka swinene eka isopropyl alcohol (IPA) eka mahiselo ya kamara na ku n’oka ka kwalomu ka 18 mg/mL, tanihilaha swi kombisiweke hakona eka Xifaniso xo Engetela xa 5. Leswi swi endla leswaku ku lulamisiwa loku landzelaka ku olova tanihileswi IPA, tanihi xitshunxo xa pasivation lexi tolovelekeke, yi nga onhiki leyara ya perovskite ku tlula nkarhi wo koma29. Hikokwalaho, hiku nghenisa filimi ya perovskite eka oxalic acid solution kumbe ku spin-coating oxalic acid solution eka perovskite, PbC2O4 yo olova no tsindziyela yinga hatlisa ku kumiwa ehenhla ka filimi ya perovskite kuya hi xiringaniso xa tikhemikhali lexi landzelaka: H2C2O4 + FAPbI3 = PbC2O4 + FAI +HI. FAI yinga pfanganisiwa eka IPA xisweswo yi susiwa hinkarhi waku swekiwa. Ku enta ka LOS kunga lawuriwa hi nkarhi wa reaction xikan’we na precursor concentration.
Swifaniso swa scanning electron microscopy (SEM) swa tifilimi ta control na LOS perovskite swi kombisiwile eka Swifaniso 2a,b. Mbuyelo wukombisa leswaku perovskite surface morphology yi hlayisiwile kahle, naswona nhlayo leyikulu ya ti fine particles ti vekiwa eka grain surface, leswi faneleke ku yimela PbC2O4 layer leyi vumbiweke hi in-situ reaction. Filimi ya perovskite ya LOS yina xivumbeko xo olova nyana (Xifaniso xo Engetela 6) na angle leyikulu yo khumbana na mati loko ku pimanyisiwa na filimi ya vulawuri (Xifaniso xo Engetela 7). High-resolution transverse transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) yitirhisiwile ku hambanyisa leyara yale henhla ya xiendliwa. Loko ku pimanyisiwa na control film (Fig. 2c), uniform na dense thin layer leyingana vukulu bya kwalomu ka 10 nm yivonaka kahle ehenhla ka LOS perovskite (Fig. 2d). Hiku tirhisa high-angle annular dark-field scanning electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) ku kambela ku hlangana exikarhi ka PbC2O4 na FAPbI3, vukona bya tindzhawu ta crystalline ta FAPbI3 na tindzhawu ta amorphous ta PbC2O4 swinga voniwa kahle (Xifaniso xo Engetela 8). Xivumbeko xa le henhla xa perovskite endzhaku ka vutshunguri bya oxalic acid xi tiveka hi ku pima ka X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), tani hi leswi swi kombisiweke eka Swifaniso 2e–g. Eka Xifaniso xa 2e, tinhlohlorhi ta C 1s leti rhendzeleke 284.8 eV na 288.5 eV ti wela eka swikombiso swo karhi swa CC na FA, hi ku landzelelana. Loko ku pimanyisiwa na control membrane, membrane ya LOS yi kombisile nhlohlorhi yo engetela eka 289.2 eV, leyi boxiweke eka C2O42-. Spectrum ya O 1s ya LOS perovskite yi kombisa tinhlohlorhi tinharhu ta O 1s leti hambaneke hi tikhemikhali eka 531.7 eV, 532.5 eV, na 533.4 eV, leswi fambelanaka na deprotonated COO, C=O ya mintlawa ya oxalate leyi nga onhakiki 30 na ti athomo ta O ta xiphemu xa OH (Fig. 2e ). )). Eka xikombiso xa vulawuri, ku voniwile ntsena nhlohlorhi leyintsongo ya O 1s, leswinga vangiwa hi oxygen chemisorbed ehenhla. Swihlawulekisi swa control membrane swa Pb 4f7/2 na Pb 4f5/2 swi kumeka eka 138.4 eV na 143.3 eV, hiku landzelelana. Hi xiye leswaku LOS perovskite yi kombisa ku cinca ka nhlohlorhi ya Pb ya kwalomu ka 0.15 eV ku ya eka matimba ya le henhla yo boha, leswi kombisaka ku tirhisana lokukulu exikarhi ka tiatomo ta C2O42- na Pb (Fig. 2g).
a Swifaniso swa SEM swa vulawuri na b LOS perovskite films, xivono xa le henhla. c Microscopy ya elektroni ya vuhundzisi bya xiphemu xo tsemakanya ya xiyimo xa le henhla (HR-TEM) ya tifilimi ta vulawuri na d LOS perovskite. XPS ya xiyimo xa le henhla ya tifilimi ta e C 1s, f O 1s na g Pb 4f perovskite. Data ya xihlovo yi nyikiwa hi xivumbeko xa tifayela ta datha ya xihlovo.
Kuya hi mbuyelo wa DFT, hi theoretically swi vhumbhiwile leswaku VI defects na I migration hiku olova swivanga ku cinca ka phase kusuka eka α kuya eka δ. Swiviko swa khale swi kombisile leswaku I2 yi humesiwa hi xihatla kusuka eka tifilimi ta perovskite leti simekiweke eka PC hi nkarhi wa photoimmersion endzhaku ko veka tifilimi eka ku vonakala na ntshikelelo wa mahiselo31,32,33. Ku tiyisisa mbuyelo wo tiyisisa wa lead oxalate eka α-phase ya perovskite, hi nghenise tifilimi ta control na LOS perovskite eka mabodlhela ya nghilazi lama nga erivaleni lama nga na toluene, hi ku landzelelana, ivi hi ma hisa hi 1 wa ku vonakala ka dyambu ku ringana 24 h. Hi pime ku amukeriwa ka ku vonakala ka ultraviolet ni loku vonakaka (UV-Vis). ) toluene solution, tanihilaha swi kombisiweke hakona eka Xifaniso xa 3a. Loko ku pimanyisiwa na xikombiso xa vulawuri, matimba yale hansi swinene ya ku amukeriwa ka I2 ya voniwe eka xiyimo xa LOS-perovskite, leswi kombaka leswaku compact LOS yinga sivela ku humesiwa ka I2 kusuka eka filimi ya perovskite hinkarhi wa ku nyuperisiwa ka ku vonakala. Swifaniso swa tifilimi ta aged control na LOS perovskite swi kombisiwile eka ti insets ta Swifaniso 3b na c. Perovskite ya LOS ya ha ri ya ntima, kasi filimi yo tala ya vulawuri yi hundzuke yo tshwuka. Ti spectra ta UV–visible absorption ta filimi leyi nyuperiweke ti kombisiwile eka Figs. 3b, c. Hi xiye leswaku ku amukeriwa loku fambelanaka na α eka filimi ya vulawuri ku hungutekile swi le rivaleni. Ku endliwe mimpimo ya X-rheyi leswaku ku tsariwa ku hundzuka ka xivumbeko xa kristala. Endzhaku ka 24 wa tiawara ta ku voninga, perovskite ya vulawuri yi kombisile xikombiso xa matimba xo tshwuka xa δ-phase (11.8°), kasi perovskite ya LOS ya ha hlayisa xiphemu xa kahle xa ntima (Xifaniso 3d).
UV-visible absorption spectra ya toluene solutions laha control film na LOS film swi nghenisiweke ehansi ka 1 wa ku vonakala ka dyambu kuringana 24 wa tiawara. Inset yi kombisa vial leyi film yin’wana na yin’wana ayi cheriwa eka volume yo ringana ya toluene. b UV-Vis absorption spectra ya control film na c LOS film emahlweni na le ndzhaku ka 24 h ya ku nyuperisiwa ehansi ka 1 wa ku vonakala ka dyambu. Inset yi kombisa xifaniso xa filimi ya xikambelo. d Tipheteni ta X-ray diffraction ta tifilimi ta vulawuri na LOS emahlweni na le ndzhaku ka 24 h ya ku paluxiwa. Swifaniso swa SEM swa control film e na film f LOS endzhaku ka 24 wa tiawara ta ku paluxiwa. Data ya xihlovo yi nyikiwa hi xivumbeko xa tifayela ta datha ya xihlovo.
Hi endlile mimpimo ya scanning electron microscopy (SEM) ku languta ku cinca ka microstructural ya filimi ya perovskite endzhaku ka 24 wa tiawara ta ku voninga, tani hileswi swi kombisiweke eka Swifaniso 3e,f. Eka filimi ya vulawuri, mavele lamakulu ya onhiwile kutani ya hundzuriwa ti needles letintsongo, leswi fambelanaka na morphology ya δ-phase product FAPbI3 (Fig. 3e). Eka tifilimi ta LOS, ti grains ta perovskite titshama tiri eka xiyimo xa kahle (Figure 3f). Mbuyelo wu tiyisisile leswaku ku lahlekeriwa hi I swi hlohletela swinene ku cinca kusuka eka xiphemu xa ntima kuya eka xiphemu xotshuka, kasi PbC2O4 yi tiyisisa xiphemu xa ntima, leswi sivelaka ku lahlekeriwa hi I. Leswi density ya vacancy e henhla swinene kutlula eka vukulu bya mavele,34 xiphemu lexi xitala ku humelela ehenhla ka mavele. hi nkarhi wun’we ku humesa iodine na ku vumba VI. Tani hilaha swinga languteriwaka hakona hi DFT, LOS yinga sivela ku endliwa ka swihoxo swa VI xikan’we naku sivela ku rhurha ka ti ions ta I kuya eka vuandlalo bya perovskite.
Ku engetela kwalano, mbuyelo wa PbC2O4 layer eka ku tiya ka ndzhongho wa ti films ta perovskite eka moya wa xibakabaka (relative humidity 30-60%) swikamberiwile. Hilaha swi kombisiweke hakona eka Xifaniso xo Engetela xa 9, perovskite ya LOS a ya ha ri ya ntima endzhaku ka masiku ya 12, kasi filimi ya vulawuri yi hundzuke yo tshwuka. Eka mimpimo ya XRD, filimi ya vulawuri yi kombisa nhlohlorhi yo tiya eka 11.8° leyi fambelanaka na xiphemu xa δ xa FAPbI3, kasi perovskite ya LOS yi hlayisa xiphemu xa α xa ntima kahle (Xifaniso xo Engetela xa 10).
Steady-state photoluminescence (PL) na time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) switirhisiwile ku dyondza mbuyelo wa pasivation wa lead oxalate eka vuandlalo bya perovskite. Eka Fig. Xifaniso xa 4a xi kombisa leswaku filimi ya LOS yi engetele matimba ya PL. Eka xifaniso xa PL mapping, matimba ya filimi ya LOS eka ndzhawu hinkwayo ya 10 × 10 μm2 ya tlakukile kutlula ya filimi ya vulawuri (Xifaniso xo Engetela 11), leswi kombisaka leswaku PbC2O4 yi pasivates hi ndlela yo fana filimi ya perovskite. Vutomi bya carrier byi kumiwa hiku ringanyeta ku bola ka TRPL hi ntirho wun’we wa exponential (Fig. 4b). Vutomi bya carrier bya filimi ya LOS i 5.2 μs, leswinga leha swinene kutlula filimi ya vulawuri leyingana vutomi bya carrier bya 0.9 μs, leswi kombaka kuhunguteka ka surface nonradiative recombination.
Steady-state PL na b-spectra ya PL ya nkarhinyana ya tifilimi ta perovskite eka ti substrates ta nghilazi. c SP curve ya xitirhisiwa (FTO/TiO2/SnO2/perovskite/spiro-OMeTAD/Au). d EQE spectrum na Jsc EQE spectrum swi hlanganisiwile ku suka eka xitirhisiwa lexi tirhaka kahle swinene. d Ku titshega ka matimba ya ku vonakala ka xitirhisiwa xa perovskite eka xifaniso xa Voc. f Nxopaxopo wa ntolovelo wa MKRC hi ku tirhisa xitirhisiwa xa ITO/PEDOT:PSS/perovskite/PCBM/Au clean hole. VTFL i voltage yale henhla yo tata trap. Kusuka eka data leyi hi hlayele trap density (Nt). Data ya xihlovo yi nyikiwa hi xivumbeko xa tifayela ta datha ya xihlovo.
Ku dyondza mbuyelo wa lead oxalate layer eka matirhelo ya xitirhisiwa, xivumbeko xa ndhavuko xa FTO/TiO2/SnO2/perovskite/spiro-OMeTAD/Au contact structure xitirhisiwile. Hi tirhisa formamidine chloride (FACl) tani hi xiengeteri eka perovskite precursor ematshan’wini ya methylamine hydrochloride (MACl) ku fikelela matirhelo yo antswa ya xitirhisiwa, tanihileswi FACl yi nga nyikaka khwalithi yo antswa ya crystal na ku papalata band gap ya FAPbI335 (vona Swifaniso swo Engetela 1 na 2 ku kuma ku pimanisiwa hi vuxokoxoko). ). 12-14). IPA yi hlawuriwile tani hi antisolvent hikuva yinyika khwalithi ya kahle ya crystal xikan’we na orientation leyi tsakeriwaka eka ti films ta perovskite loko ku pimanyisiwa na diethyl ether (DE) kumbe chlorbenzene (CB)36 (Swifaniso swo Engetela 15 na 16). Ku enta ka PbC2O4 ku antswisiwile hi vukheta ku ringanisela kahle defect passivation na charge transport hiku lulamisa nhlayo ya oxalic acid (Xifaniso xo Engetela 17). Swifaniso swa SEM swa xiphemu xo tsemakanya swa switirhisiwa swa vulawuri lebyi antswisiweke na LOS swi kombisiwile eka Xifaniso xo Engetela xa 18. Ti curve ta ntolovelo ta current density (CD) ta switirhisiwa swa vulawuri na LOS ti kombisiwile eka Xifaniso xa 4c, naswona tipharamitha leti humesiweke ti nyikiwile eka Tafula ro Engetela 3. Tisele ta vulawuri bya vukorhokeri bya le henhla bya ku hundzula matimba (PCE) 23.43% (22.94%), Jsc 25.75 mA cm-2 (25.74 mA cm-2), Voc 1.16 V (1.16 V) na xikeni xa le ndzhaku (emahlweni). Nhlayo ya ku tata (FF) i 78.40% (76.69%). PCE LOS PSC yale henhla i 25.39% (24.79%), Jsc i 25.77 mA cm-2, Voc i 1.18 V, FF i 83.50% (81.52%) kusuka endzhaku (forward Scan kuya eka). Xitirhisiwa xa LOS xi fikelerile matirhelo ya photovoltaic lama tiyisisiweke ya 24.92% eka laboratori ya photovoltaic ya munhu wa vunharhu leyi tshembekaka (Xifaniso xo Engetela xa 19). Ku tirha kahle ka quantum yale handle (EQE) swi nyikile Jsc leyi hlanganisiweke ya 24.90 mA cm-2 (control) na 25.18 mA cm-2 (LOS PSC), hiku landzelelana, leswi aswiri eka ntwanano lowunene na Jsc leyi pimiweke eka standard AM 1.5 G spectrum (Fig. .4d). ) . Ku hangalasiwa ka tinhlayo ta ti-PCE leti pimiweke ta ti-PSC ta vulawuri na LOS ku kombisiwile eka Xifaniso xo Engetela xa 20.
Tani hilaha swikombisiweke hakona eka Xifaniso xa 4e, vuxaka exikarhi ka Voc na matimba ya ku vonakala byi hlayiwile ku dyondza mbuyelo wa PbC2O4 eka trap-assisted surface recombination. Xirhendzevutani xa layini leyi ringanisiweke ya xitirhisiwa xa LOS i 1.16 kBT/sq, lexi nga ehansi ka xirhendzevutani xa layini leyi ringanisiweke ya xitirhisiwa xo lawula (1.31 kBT/sq), leswi tiyisisaka leswaku LOS ya pfuna eka ku sivela ku hlanganisiwa nakambe ka le henhla hi ti decoys. Hi tirhisa thekinoloji ya space charge current limiting (SCLC) ku pima hi nhlayo ku tsindziyela ka swihoxo swa filimi ya perovskite hi ku pima xihlawulekisi xa IV xa munyama xa xitirhisiwa xa hole (ITO/PEDOT:PSS/perovskite/spiro-OMeTAD/Au) tanihilaha swi kombisiweke hakona eka xifaniso. 4f Kombisa. Nhlayo ya trap yi hlayeriwa hi fomula ya Nt = 2ε0εVTFL/eL2, laha ε ku nga relative dielectric constant ya filimi ya perovskite, ε0 ku nga dielectric constant ya vacuum, VTFL ku nga voltage yo ringanyeta yo tata ntlhamu, e i charge, L ku nga ku enta ka filimi ya perovskite (650 nm). Defect density ya xitirhisiwa xa VOC yi hlayeriwa kuva 1.450 × 1015 cm–3, leswinga ehansi ka defect density ya xitirhisiwa xo lawula, leswinga 1.795 × 1015 cm–3.
Xitirhisiwa lexi nga pakiwangiki xi kamberiwile eka maximum power point (MPP) ehansi ka ku vonakala ka siku hinkwaro ehansi ka nitrogen ku kambela ku tshamiseka ka yona ka matirhelo ya nkarhi wo leha (Xifaniso 5a). Endzhaku ka tiawara ta 550, xitirhisiwa xa LOS xa ha hlayisa 92% wa vukorhokeri bya xona lebyikulu, kasi matirhelo ya xitirhisiwa xo lawula a ya yile ehansi ku ya eka 60% wa matirhelo ya xona yo sungula. Ku hangalaka ka swiaki eka xitirhisiwa xa khale swi pimiwe hi nkarhi wa ku haha ​​secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) (Fig. 5b, c). Ku hlengeletiwa lokukulu ka iodine kunga voniwa eka ndzhawu yale henhla ya vulawuri bya nsuku. Swiyimo swa nsirhelelo wa inert gas swi susa swilo leswi onhaka mbango swofana na ndzhongho na oxygen, leswi kombaka leswaku tindlela tale ndzeni (i.e., ion migration) tina vutihlamuleri. Kuya hi mbuyelo wa ToF-SIMS, ti I- na AuI2- ions ti kumiwile eka Au electrode, leswi kombisaka ku hangalaka ka I kusuka eka perovskite kuya eka Au. Ntshikelelo wa xigingi xa I- na AuI2- ions eka xitirhisiwa xo lawula ya kwalomu ka 10 wa minkarhi yale henhla kutlula ya xikombiso xa VOC. Swiviko swa khale swi kombisile leswaku ku nghenelela ka ti ion swi nga endla leswaku ku va na ku hunguteka hi xihatla ka ku fambisa ka makhumbi ya spiro-OMeTAD na ku bola ka tikhemikhali ka leyara ya electrode ya le henhla, hi ndlela yoleyo ku onha ku khumbana ka interfacial eka xitirhisiwa37,38. Au electrode yi susiwile naswona spiro-OMeTAD layer yi basisiwile kusuka eka substrate hi chlorbenzene solution. Hiloko hi hlawula filimi hi ku tirhisa grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) (Xifaniso 5d). Mbuyelo wukombisa leswaku filimi ya vulawuri yina nhlohlorhi ya diffraction leyi nga erivaleni eka 11.8°, kasi ku hava nhlohlorhi leyintshwa ya diffraction leyi humelelaka eka xikombiso xa LOS. Mbuyelo wu kombisa leswaku ku lahlekeriwa lokukulu ka ti ions ta I eka filimi yo lawula swi yisa eka ku tumbuluxiwa ka xiphemu xa δ, kasi eka filimi ya LOS endlelo leri ri siveriwile kahle.
575 wa tiawara ta ku landzelerisa ka MPP loku yaka emahlweni ka xitirhisiwa lexi nga pfaleriwangiki eka xibakabaka xa nayitrojini na 1 wa ku vonakala ka dyambu handle ka xisefo xa UV. Ku hangalasiwa ka ToF-SIMS ka b I- na c AuI2- ions eka xitirhisiwa xo lawula xa LOS MPP na xitirhisiwa xo dyuhala. Tinxaka ta yellow, green na orange ti fambelana na Au, Spiro-OMeTAD na perovskite. d GIXRD ya filimi ya perovskite endzhaku ka xikambelo xa MPP. Data ya xihlovo yi nyikiwa hi xivumbeko xa tifayela ta datha ya xihlovo.
Vufambisi lebyi titshegeke hi mahiselo byi pimiwe ku tiyisisa leswaku PbC2O4 yinga sivela ku rhurha ka ion (Xifaniso xo Engetela 21). Eneji ya activation (Ea) ya ku rhurha ka ion yi kumiwa hi ku pima ku cinca ka conductivity (σ) ya filimi ya FAPbI3 eka mahiselo yo hambana (T) na ku tirhisa vuxaka bya Nernst-Einstein: σT = σ0exp(−Ea/kBT), laha σ0 ku nga constant, kB ku nga constant ya Boltzmann. Hi kuma ntikelo wa Ea kusuka eka xirhendzevutani xa ln(σT) ku hambana na 1/T, leswi nga 0.283 eV eka vulawuri na 0.419 eV eka xitirhisiwa xa LOS.
Hi ku komisa, hi nyika rimba ra thiyori ku kuma ndlela ya ku onhaka ka FAPbI3 perovskite na nkucetelo wa swihoxo swo hambana eka xisirhelelo xa eneji xa ku cinca ka xiphemu xa α-δ. Exikarhi ka swihoxo leswi, swihoxo swa VI hi theoretically swi vhumbhiwile kuva swivanga hiku olova ku cinca ka phase kusuka eka α kuya eka δ. Leyara yo enta leyi nga nyawuriki ematini naswona yi nga tshamisekangiki hi tikhemikhali ya PbC2O4 yi nghenisiwile ku tiyisisa α-phase ya FAPbI3 hi ku sivela ku vumbiwa ka swivandla swa I na ku rhurha ka ti-ion ta I. Qhinga leri ri hunguta swinene ku hlanganisiwa nakambe ka interfacial non-radiative, ri engetela vukorhokeri bya tisele ta dyambu ku ya eka 25.39%, naswona ri antswisa ku tshamiseka ka ntirho. Mimbuyelo ya hina yi nyika nkongomiso wo fikelela ti-PSC ta formamidine leti tirhaka kahle na leti tiyeke hi ku sivela ku cinca ka xiphemu xa α ku ya eka δ lexi hlohloteriwaka hi xihoxo.
Titanium(IV) isopropoxide (TTIP, 99.999%) yi xaviwile kusuka eka Sigma-Aldrich. Hydrochloric acid (HCl, 35.0–37.0%) na ethanol (anhydrous) swi xaviwile kusuka eka Guangzhou Chemical Industry. SnO2 (15 wt% tin(IV) oxide colloidal dispersion) yi xaviwile kusuka eka Alfa Aesar. Lead(II) iodide (PbI2, 99.99%) yi xaviwile kusuka eka TCI Shanghai (China). Formamidini iodide (FAI, ≥99,5%), formamidini kloridi (FACl, ≥99,5%), methylamine hayidirokloriyidi (MACl, ≥99,5%), 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis-(N , N-di-p) )-methoxaniline)-9,9′-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMETAD, ≥99.5%), lithium bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonylimide (Li-TFSI, 99.95%), 4-tert -butylpyridine (tBP, 96%) yi xaviwile eka Khamphani ya Thekinoloji ya ku Vonakala ka Polymer ya Xi’an (China). N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, 99.8%), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, 99.9%), byala bya isopropyl (IPA, 99.8%), klorobenzene (CB, 99.8%), acetonitrile (ACN). Yi xaviwile eka Sigma-Aldrich. Oxalic acid (H2C2O4, 99.9%) yi xaviwile kusuka eka Macklin. Tikhemikhali hinkwato ti tirhisiwile tani hi leswi ti amukeriweke handle ko cinca kun’wana.
Ti substrates ta ITO kumbe FTO (1.5 × 1.5 cm2) ti basisiwile hi ultrasonically hi detergent, acetone, na ethanol kuringana 10 min, hiku landzelelana, kutani ti omisiwa ehansi ka nitrogen stream. Leyara yo enta ya TiO2 barrier yi vekiwile eka substrate ya FTO hiku tirhisa solution ya titanium diisopropoxybis(acetylacetonate) eka ethanol (1/25, v/v) leyi vekiweke eka 500 °C kuringana 60 min. SnO2 colloidal dispersion yi cheriwile hi mati lawa yanga deionized eka volume ratio ya 1:5. Eka substrate leyi tengeke leyi tshunguriweke hi UV ozone kuringana 20 wa timinete, film yo olova ya SnO2 nanoparticles yi vekiwile eka 4000 rpm kuringana 30 wa tisekoni kutani yi hisiwa eka 150 °C kuringana 30 wa timinete. Eka perovskite precursor solution, 275.2 mg FAI, 737.6 mg PbI2 na FACl (20 mol%) swi pfanganisiwile eka DMF/DMSO (15/1) mixed solvent. Leyara ya perovskite yi lulamisiwile hiku centrifuger 40 μL ya perovskite precursor solution ehenhla ka UV-ozone-treated SnO2 layer eka 5000 rpm eka moya wa le kusuhi kuringana 25 s. 5 wa tisekoni endzhaku ka nkarhi wohetelela, 50 μL ya MACl IPA solution (4 mg/mL) yi hatlisile yi hoxiwa eka substrate tani hi antisolvent. Kutani, ti films letinga lulamisiwa ti annealed eka 150°C kuringana 20 min kutani eka 100°C kuringana 10 min. Endzhaku ko kufumeta filimi ya perovskite kuya eka mahiselo ya kamara, H2C2O4 solution (1, 2, 4 mg leyi pfanganisiweke eka 1 mL IPA) yi centrifuged eka 4000 rpm kuringana 30 s kuva yi pasivate ehenhla ka perovskite. Nkatsakanyo wa spiro-OMeTAD lowu lulamisiweke hiku hlanganisa 72.3 mg spiro-OMeTAD, 1 ml CB, 27 μl tBP na 17.5 μl Li-TFSI (520 mg eka 1 ml acetonitrile) yi spin-coated eka filimi hi 4000 rpm eka 30 s. Eku heteleleni, 100 nm thick Au layer yi pfaleriwile eka vacuum hi rivilo ra 0.05 nm/s (0~1 nm), 0.1 nm/s (2~15 nm) na 0.5 nm/s (16~100 nm) . ).
Matirhelo ya SC ya ti cells ta dyambu ta perovskite ya pimiwe hiku tirhisa Keithley 2400 meter ehansi ka solar simulator illumination (SS-X50) eka matimba ya ku vonakala ya 100 mW/cm2 naswona ya tiyisisiwile hiku tirhisa ti calibrated standard silicon solar cells. Handle ka loko swi boxiwile hi ndlela yin’wana, ti curves ta SP ti pimiwe eka bokisi ra glove leri taleke hi nitrogen eka mahiselo ya kamara (~25°C) eka tindlela ta forward na reverse scan (voltage step 20 mV, delay time 10 ms). Shadow mask yitirhisiwile ku kumisisa ndzhawu leyi tirhaka ya 0.067 cm2 eka PSC leyi pimiweke. Mipimo ya EQE yi endliwile eka moya wa le kusuhi hi ku tirhisa sisiteme ya PVE300-IVT210 (Industrial Vision Technology(s) Pte Ltd) leyi nga na ku vonakala ka muhlovo wun’we loku kongomisiweke eka xitirhisiwa. Kuva ku tshamiseka ka xitirhisiwa, ku kamberiwa ka ti solar cells letinga encapsulated swiendliwile eka nitrogen glovebox eka ntshikelelo wa 100 mW/cm2 handle ka UV filter. ToF-SIMS yi pimiwa hi ku tirhisa PHI nanoTOFII time-of-flight SIMS. Depth profiling yikumeke hiku tirhisa 4 kV Ar ion gun leyingana ndzhawu ya 400×400 μm.
Mipimo ya X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) yi endliwile eka sisiteme ya Thermo-VG Scientific (ESCALAB 250) hiku tirhisa monochromatized Al Kα (for XPS mode) eka ntshikelelo wa 5.0 × 10–7 Pa. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) yi endliwile eka sisiteme ya JEOL-JSM-6330F. Mofoloji ya le henhla na ku khwaxa ka tifilimi ta perovskite swi pimiwe hiku tirhisa atomic force microscopy (AFM) (Bruker Dimension FastScan). STEM na HAADF-STEM swi khomeriwa eka FEI Titan Themis STEM. Ti spectra ta UV–Vis absorption ti pimiwe hiku tirhisa UV-3600Plus (Shimadzu Corporation). Space charge limiting current (SCLC) yi rhekhodiwile eka Keithley 2400 meter. Steady-state photoluminescence (PL) na time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) ya ku bola ka vutomi bya carrier swi pimiwe hiku tirhisa FLS 1000 photoluminescence spectrometer. Swifaniso swa PL mapping swi pimiwe hiku tirhisa Horiba LabRam Raman system HR Evolution. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) yi endliwile hiku tirhisa sisiteme ya Thermo-Fisher Nicolet NXR 9650.
Eka ntirho lowu, hi tirhisa ndlela ya SSW path sampling ku dyondza ndlela ya ku cinca ka xiphemu ku suka eka α-phase ku ya eka δ-phase. Eka ndlela ya SSW, ku famba ka vuandlalo bya eneji leyi nga kona ku kumiwa hi tlhelo ra movha wo olova wa xitshuketa (second derivative), leswi pfumelelaka dyondzo ya vuxokoxoko na xikongomelo ya vuandlalo bya eneji leyi nga kona. Eka ntirho lowu, ku tekeriwa swikombiso swa ndlela swi endliwa eka supercell ya 72-atom, naswona kutlula 100 wa ti initial/final state (IS/FS) pairs ti hlengeletiwa eka levele ya DFT. Hi ku ya hi sete ya datha ya IS/FS hi mimpatswa, ndlela leyi hlanganisaka xivumbeko xo sungula na xivumbeko xo hetelela yi nga kumiwa hi ku fambelana exikarhi ka tiatomo, ivi ku tirhisiwa ku famba ka tindlela timbirhi ku ya hi vuandlalo bya yuniti leyi cinca-cincaka ku kumisisa hi ku olova ndlela ya xiyimo xa ku cinca. (VK-DESV) (VK-DESV) hi ku tirhisa. Endzhaku ko lavisisa xiyimo xa ku cinca, ndlela leyingana xisirhelelo xale hansi swinene yinga kumiwa hiku veka swihinga swa eneji eka xiyimo xale henhla.
Swibalo hinkwaswo swa DFT swi endliwile hi ku tirhisa VASP (version 5.3.5), laha ku tirhisana ka electron–ion ka tiatomo ta C, N, H, Pb, na I ku yimeriweke hi xikimi xa projected amplified wave (PAW). Ntirho wa ku yelana ka ku cincana wu hlamuseriwa hi ku ringaniseriwa ka gradient loku andlariweke eka parametrization ya Perdue-Burke-Ernzerhoff. Mpimo wa eneji ya magandlati ya xihahampfhuka wu vekiwile eka 400 eV. Gridi ya Monkhorst–Pack k-point yina vukulu bya (2 × 2 × 1). Eka swivumbeko hinkwaswo, swiyimo swa lattice na atomic swi antswisiwile hiku hetiseka kufikela loko xiphemu xa ntshikelelo wale henhla xiva ehansi ka 0.1 GPa naswona xiphemu xa matimba yale henhla xiva ehansi ka 0.02 eV/Å. Eka modele wa le henhla, vuandlalo bya FAPbI3 byi na 4 wa ti layers, leyara yale hansi yina ti athomo leti nga cinciki leti tekelelaka miri wa FAPbI3, naswona ti layers tinharhu tale henhla tinga famba hiku ntshunxeka hi nkarhi wa maendlelo ya optimization. Leyara ya PbC2O4 yina 1 ML hiku enta naswona yi kumeka eka I-terminal surface ya FAPbI3, laha Pb yi bohiweke eka 1 I na 4 O.
Ku kuma vuxokoxoko byo tala mayelana na dizayini ya dyondzo, vona Xitlhokovetselo xa Xiviko xa Photifoliyo ya Ntumbuluko lexi fambelanaka na xihloko lexi.
Data hinkwayo leyi kumiweke kumbe ku xopaxopiwa hi nkarhi wa ndzavisiso lowu yi katsiwile eka atikili leyi kandziyisiweke, xikan’we na le ka mahungu yo seketela na tifayela ta datha yo ka yi nga swekiwanga. Data ya raw leyi nyikiweke eka ndzavisiso lowu yi kumeka eka https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.2410016440. Data ya xihlovo yi nyikiwile eka xihloko lexi.
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