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Loko u ri na nomboro ya xirho xa ACS, hi kombela u yi nghenisa laha leswaku hi ta kota ku hlanganisa akhawunti leyi na vuxirho bya wena. (Hlawula)
ACS yi teka vuhlayiseki bya wena byi ri bya nkoka. Hi ku rhumela vuxokoxoko bya wena, u nga endzela C&EN no tsarisa eka mahungu ya hina ya vhiki na vhiki. Hi tirhisa rungula leri u ri nyikaka ku antswisa ntokoto wa wena wo hlaya, naswona a hi nge pfuki hi xavise data ya wena eka swirho swa vanhu va vunharhu.
Hi lembe ra 2005, khamphani ya switirhisiwa swa vatirhisi ya Colgate-Palmolive yi tshike bindzu ra swihlantswi swa swiambalo swa le Amerika N’walungu hi ku xavisa switirhisiwa swo fana na Fab na Dynamo eka Phoenix Brands. Endzhaku ka malembe manharhu, khamphani yin’wana ya swilo swa vatirhisi, Unilever, yi xavise layini ya yona ya switirhisiwa swa swibasisi swa le Amerika ku katsa na All na Wisk eka Sun Products.
Ku xavisiwa ka bindzu ra yona eka tikhamphani timbirhi letitsongo ta phurayivhete swi endle leswaku makete wa xiyimo xa le henhla wa P&G eU.S. Lexi tsakisaka, Procter & Gamble a yi tivisa ku hlula.
Hakunene, hi 2014, Alan G. Lafley, loyi hi nkarhi wolowo a a ri CEO wa Procter & Gamble (P&G), u tisorile hi ku huma ka Unilever. U vule leswaku yi hlule makete wa le xikarhi wa makete wa swibasisi, leswi endleke leswaku switirhisiwa swa P&G swi tala ngopfu eka makete wa xiyimo xa le henhla, loko yi ri karhi yi nyika switirhisiwa swa xiyimo xa le hansi na vaphikizani vanharhu. Procter & Gamble i muxavisi wa swikoweto leswi tivekaka swofana na Tide na Gain. Yi endla kwalomu ka 60% wa bindzu ra swihlantswi swa swiambalo swa le United States, kambe leri i bindzu leri nga yimangiki, naswona ku na ku hambana lokukulu ka nxavo exikarhi ka switirhisiwa swa khamphani na vaphikizani va yona.
Endzhaku ka lembe, yin’wana ya vaphikizani va yona, ku nga khampani ya le Jarimani leyi vuriwaka Henkel, yi tsekatsekise swilo. Khamphani leyi yi humese xibasisi xa yona xa xiyimo xa le henhla xa le Yuropa xa Persil eUnited States, yi sungule ku xavisiwa ntsena hi ku tirhisa Wal-Mart, ivi yi sunguriwa eka vaxavisi vo fana na Target. Hi lembe ra 2016, Henkel u tlhele a pfilunganya swilo hi ku xava Sun Products.
Ku sunguriwa ka Persil swi pfuxetile bindzu ra swibasisi swo hlantswela, kambe swi nga ha hatlisa ku tlula leswi Lafley a swi languterile. Hi May lowu hundzeke, loko magazini wa “Consumer Report” wu thye xin’wana xa switirhisiwa leswintshwa swa Henkel, Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2in1, xibasisi xa le Amerika lexi tirhaka kahle, yena na vafambisi van’wana va P&G va fanele ku hlamala. Nkhuvo wo vekiwa exiluvelweni wu susumetele Tide eka xiyimo xa vumbirhi ro sungula endzhaku ka malembe.
Procter & Gamble (Chastened), Procter & Gamble (P&G) yitlhele yi endla xitirhisiwa xa yona xosungula xa vito lerikulu Tide Ultra Stain Release hi 2016. Khamphani yi vule leswaku yi engetele ti surfactants naku susa mati nyana, leswinga endla leswaku kuva na formula yo enta no hlangana swinene leyinga antswisaka ku susiwa ka swivati. Magazini lowu wu vule leswaku xiendliwa lexi xi ve ehenhla ka nxaxamelo eka nxopaxopo lowu landzeleke wa Swiviko swa Vaxavi, hambileswi xi nga riki xa nkoka hi tlhelo ra tinhlayo.
Sweswinyana Consumer Reports yi xaxamete Tide Plus Ultra stain release agent na Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2-in-1 tani hi swibasisi swimbirhi leswinene swo hlantswela eUnited States. C&EN yi ta kambela swiaki leswi vangaka xiyimo lexi, xikan’we na matirhiselo ya swona na vaendli va swona.
Sweswinyana Consumer Reports yi xaxamete Tide Plus Ultra stain release agent na Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2-in-1 tani hi swibasisi swimbirhi leswinene swo hlantswela eUnited States. C&EN yi ta kambela swiaki leswi vangaka xiyimo lexi, xikan’we na matirhiselo ya swona na vaendli va swona.
Swi ha ri emahlweni swinene ku vula loko Henkel yi ta tlhontlha swinene P&G eka vatirhisi va le Amerika lava xavaka xibasisi xa xiyimo xa le henhla xo hlantswela. Kambe loko tikhemikhali ta P&G ta formulation ti titwa ti tikhomile hikokwalaho ka ku pfumaleka ka mphikizano, hakunene tita herisiwa.
Shoaib Arif, mufambisi wa switirhisiwa na vukorhokeri bya xithekiniki eka Surfactant Supplier Pilot Chemical, u hlamuserile leswaku eUnited States, Tide na Persil i switirhisiwa swa xiyimo xa le henhla eka bindzu naswona swi nga avanyisiwa hi swiyimo swa mune swa matirhelo. Emalembeni lama hundzeke, Arif ni vativi van’wana va sayense va Pilot va pfune tikhampani to tala ta switirhisiwa swa le kaya ku endla swibasisi leswintshwa ni swilo swin’wana swo basisa.
Eka makete wa xiyimo xale hansi, i xibasisi xa super economical. Kuya hi Arif, yingava ntsena na surfactant yo chipa, yofana na linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LABS) xikan’we na nantswo na mihlovo. Xiyenge lexi landzelaka xa xiendliwa xinga engetela swipfuneti swa surfactant kumbe vaaki, kufana na sodium citrate, tackifier na surfactant ya vumbirhi.
LABS i anionic surfactant, leyinga kahle eka ku susa swiphemuphemu eka malapi naswona yitirha kahle eka lapi ra cotton. Surfactant yavumbirhi leyi tolovelekeke i ethanol ethoxylate, non-ionic surfactant, leyi tirhaka swinene kutlula LABS, ngopfu ngopfu eka ku susa mafurha na thyaka eka ti fibre ta synthetic.
Eka leyara ya vunharhu, vaendli va tifomula va nga engetela swivoni swa mahlo hi nxavo wa le hansi nyana. Swilo leswi swo voninga hi mahlo swi tswonga ku vonakala ka ultraviolet ivi swi ku humesa endhawini ya wasi leswaku swiambalo swi vonaka swi ri leswi voningaka. Ti surfactants to antswa, ti chelating agents, vaaki van’wana xikan’we na ti anti-redeposition polymers switala ku kumeka eka ti formulations totani, letinga khoma thyaka kusuka eka mati yo hlamba kuva ri sivela kuva ritlhela ri vekiwa eka lapi.
Swibasisi leswi durhaka swinene switiveka hiku layicha ka surfactant yale henhla xikan’we na swin’wana swohambana hambana swa surfactants, kufana na alcohol sulfates, alcohol ethoxy sulfates, amine oxides, fatty acid soaps na cations. Ti exotic soil capture polymers (tin’wana ti endleriwe tikhamphani tofana na Procter & Gamble na Henkel) na ti enzymes na swona swiwela eka xiyenge lexi.
Hambiswiritano, Arif u tsundzuxa leswaku ku hlengeletiwa ka swiaki swi tisa mintlhontlho ya kona. Hi mpimo wo karhi, ku endliwa ka swibasisi i sayense, naswona vativi va tikhemikhali va tiva khwalithi ya swiphemu swa tikhemikhali, swo tanihi ntirho wa le henhla wa swilo leswi tirhaka ehenhla ka misava.
U hlamuserile: “Hambiswiritano, loko fomula yi endliwile, swilo leswi hinkwaswo swi ta khumbana, naswona a wu nge swi koti ku vhumbha kahle leswi fomula yo hetelela yi nga ta swi endla.” “Wa ha fanele ku kambela ku tiyiseka leswaku swa tirha evuton’wini bya xiviri.”
Xikombiso, swiaki swa le henhla na vaaki swi nga sivela ntirho wa enzyme, ku vula Arif. Vaendli va swihlantswi vanga tirhisa switiyisisi swa enzyme (kufana na sodium borate na calcium formate) kuva va tlhantlha xiphiqo lexi.
Franco Pala, mutivi lonkulu wa ndzavisiso wa Battelle’s World Detergent Project, u kombise leswaku nhlayo yale henhla ya surfactant leyi kumekaka eka ti brand ta premium detergent na yona yinga vanga swiphiqo. Pala u hlamuserile: “A swi olovi ku engetela swilo swo tala swonghasi leswi tirhaka ehenhla ka misava hi mpimo lowukulu swonghasi.” Ku n’oka swi hundzuka xiphiqo, naswona ku tirhisana ko biha exikarhi ka ti surfactants na kona ku hundzuka xiphiqo.
Nongonoko wa Battelle wa tiklayenti to tala lowu a wu rhangela hi Pala wu sungurile ekusunguleni ka malembe yava 1990s hiku xopaxopa xivumbeko xa ti brand letikulu ta switirhisiwa swo basisa swa misava hinkwayo. Battelle yitirhisa nxaxamelo wa switirhisiwa swa sayense ku pfuna vini va brand na vaphakeri va raw material kuya hundza eka nxaxamelo wa swiaki ku twisisa, xikombiso, degree ya ethoxylation ya surfactants kumbe loko surfactant backbone yiri linear kumbe branched.
Para u vule leswaku namuntlha, ti polymers i xihlovo xa nkoka xa vutumbuluxi eka swiaki swa swibasisi. Xikombiso, switirhisiwa swa Tide na Persil swina polyethyleneimine ethoxylate, leyi kunga polymer leyi tswongaka thyaka leyi endliweke hi BASF eka Procter & Gamble, kambe sweswi yi kumeka ngopfu eka vaendli va swibasisi.
Pala u kombisile leswaku ti terephthalic acid copolymers titlhela ti kumeka eka swin’wana swa swibasisi swa xiyimo xale henhla, leswinga ta funengeta lapi hi nkarhi wa ku hlamba, leswi endlaka leswaku swi olova ku susa swivati ​​na thyaka hi nkarhi wa maendlelo yo hlamba lawa ya landzelaka. Battelle u tirhisa switirhisiwa swofana na gel permeation chromatography ku hambanyisa ti polymers kutani a tirhisa infrared spectroscopy ku kumisisa xivumbeko xa tona.
Nongonoko wa Battelle wu tlhela wu nyikela nyingiso lowukulu eka ti enzymes, leti nga switirhisiwa swa biotech leswi vaendli va hambetaka va swi antswisa lembe na lembe. Leswaku va kambela ntirho wa enzyme leyi, ntlawa wa Pala wu veke enzyme leyi eka substrate leyi nga ni chromophore. Loko enzyme yi onha substrate, chromophore yi humesiwa kutani yi pimiwa hi absorption kumbe fluorescence spectroscopy.
Ti proteases leti hlaselaka ti proteins akuri ti enzymes tosungula letinga cheriwa eka ti detergents eku heleni ka malembe yava 1960s. Endzhakunyana ti enzymes leti engeteriweke eka arsenal ti katsa amylase, leyi bolaka starch, na mannanase, leyi onhaka ti thickeners ta guar gum. Loko swakudya leswi nga ni guar (swo tanihi ice cream ni barbecue sauce) swi chuluriwa eka swiambalo, chewing gum yi ta tshama yi ri ehenhla ka swiambalo hambiloko yi hlantswiwile. Yi nghenisiwa eka lapi naswona yitirhisiwa kufana na glue eka thyaka ra granular, leswi endlaka leswaku kuva na swivati ​​leswi switikaka ku swi susa.
Havumbirhi bya Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2in1 na Tide Ultra Stain Release swina protease, amylase na mannanase.
Persil yitlhela yiva na lipase (leyi nga bolaka mafurha) na cellulase (leyi nga basisiwaka hindlela yoka yinga kongomanga hiku hydrolyzing ti glycosidic bonds tokarhi eka cotton fiber) kuva yi susa thyaka leri khomaneke na fibre. Cellulase yinga tlhela yi olovisa cotton naku antswisa ku vonakala ka mihlovo ya yona. Hi nkarhi lowu fanaka, hi ku ya hi matsalwa ya patent, xivumbeko xo hlawuleka xa tidal detergent i glucanase, leyi nga bolaka ti polysaccharides leti amylase yi nga kotiki ku ti onha.
Novozymes na DuPont i khale swiri vahumelerisi lavakulu va ti enzymes, kambe BASF sweswinyana yi nghene eka bindzu hi xivumbeko xa ti proteases. Eka Khonferense ya Switirhisiwa swo Hlantswa leyi khomeriweke eJarimani hi xixika lexi hundzeke, BASF yi tlakusile ku hlanganisiwa ka protease ya yona leyintshwa na polyethyleneimine ethoxylate, yi vula leswaku nkatsakanyo lowu wu nyika matirhelo lama antswisiweke eka vaxavi lava lavaka ku vumba swibasisi swo hlamba hi mahiselo ya le hansi.
Entiyisweni, Arif na vahlaleri van’wana va makete va vula leswaku ku pfumelela vaendli va swibasisi ku endla swiaki leswi lavaka ku tirhisiwa ka eneji ya le hansi kumbe nsirhelelo wa mbango eka swihlovo swa ntumbuluko i ndzilakano lowu landzelaka eka bindzu leri. Hi May lembe leri nga hundza, P&G yisungule Tide Purclean, version ya iconic brand ya yona, laha 65% wa switirhisiwa swihuma eka swimilani. Kutani, hi October, Unilever yi xave Seventh Generation, muendli wa swibasisi swa swimilana ni swilo swin’wana swo basisa, leswaku yi tlhela yi nghena emakete wa swibasisi swa le United States.
Hambileswi ku hundzula swiaki leswinene ngopfu swi va swibasisi leswi nga ni masagwadi minkarhi hinkwayo ku nga ntlhontlho, “mukhuva namuntlha i wa ntumbuluko swinene,” ku vule Arif. “Vakhasimende va vutisa, ‘Xana hi swi endla njhani swilo leswi humaka eka ntumbuluko leswi nga riki na chefu ngopfu eka vanhu ni le ka mbango, kambe swa ha tirha kahle?”