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Ku ndlandlamuxiwa ka shale eka ti clastic reservoirs swivanga swiphiqo leswikulu, leswi yisaka eka ku nga tshamiseki ka ti wellbore. Hi swivangelo swa mbango, ku tirhisiwa ka mati yo bora lawa ya nga na swisivela swa shale leswi engeteriweke swa tsakeriwa ku tlula mati yo bora lawa ya tirhisaka oyili. Ti Ionic liquids (ILs) ti koke nyingiso lowukulu tani hi ti shale inhibitors hikokwalaho ka swivumbeko swa tona leswi tunable xikan’we na swihlawulekisi swa electrostatic swo tiya. Hambiswiritano, imidazolyl-based ionic liquids (ILs), leyi tirhisiwaka ngopfu eka ti drilling fluids, yitikombise yiri na chefu, ayi onhi biodegradable naswona ya durha. Ti deep eutectic solvents (DES) ti tekiwa tani hi ndlela yin’wana leyinga durhiki swinene naswona yingari na chefu yotala eka ti ionic liquids, kambe yahari ehansi ka ku hlayisiwa ka mbango loku lavekaka. Nhluvuko wa sweswinyana eka ntirho lowu wu endle leswaku ku sunguriwa ti natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES), leti tivekaka hi ku va ti nga ri na xinghana xa ntiyiso eka mbango. Dyondzo leyi yi lavisisile ti NADESs, letingana citric acid (tani hi hydrogen bond acceptor) na glycerol (tani hi hydrogen bond donor) tani hi swiengeteri swa mati yo bora. Swihalaki swo bora leswi simekiweke eka NADES swi endliwile hi ku landza API 13B-1 naswona matirhelo ya swona ya pimanisiwile na swihalaki swo bora leswi simekiweke eka potassium chloride, swihalaki swa ionic leswi simekiweke eka imidazolium, na swihalaki swo bora leswi simekiweke eka choline chloride:urea-DES. Swihlawulekisi swa physicochemical swa ti proprietary NADESs swi hlamuseriwa hi vuxokoxoko. Swihlawulekisi swa rheological, ku lahlekeriwa hi fluid, na swivumbeko swa shale inhibition swa drilling fluid swikamberiwile hinkarhi wa ndzavisiso, naswona swikombisiwile leswaku eka nhlayo ya 3% NADESs, yield stress/plastic viscosity ratio (YP/PV) yi engeteriwile, ku enta ka khekhe ra ndzhope ri hungutiwile hi 26%, naswona volume ya filtrate yi hungutiwile hi 30.1%. Lexi xiyekaka, NADES yifikelerile mpimo wo hlamarisa wa ku sivela ku ndlandlamuxiwa wa 49.14% naswona yi engetele vuhumelerisi bya shale hi 86.36%. Mimbuyelo leyi yi vangiwa hi vuswikoti bya NADES byo cinca ntirho wa le henhla, zeta potential, na interlayer spacing ya vumba, leswi ku xopaxopiweke eka phepha leri ku twisisa maendlelo ya le hansi. Xihalaki lexi xa ku bora lexi nga ta tshama nkarhi wo leha xi languteriwile ku hundzula indasitiri yo bora hi ku nyika ndlela yin’wana leyi nga riki na chefu, leyi nga durhiki, naswona yi tirhaka swinene eka swisivela-ku bora swa ndhavuko swa shale, leswi pfulelaka ndlela ya maendlelo yo bora lama nga onhiki mbango.
Shale i ribye leri tirhaka tani hi xihlovo na xihlovo xa ti hydrocarbons, naswona xivumbeko xa rona xa porous1 xinyika vuswikoti bya vuhumelerisi na vuhlayiselo bya switirhisiwa leswi swa nkoka. Hambiswiritano, shale yi fuwile hi timinerali ta vumba to fana na montmorillonite, smectite, kaolinite na illite, leswi endlaka leswaku yi tala ku pfimba loko yi hlangana na mati, leswi tisaka ku nga tshamiseki ka swihlovo hi nkarhi wa matirhelo yo bora2,3. Timhaka leti tinga endla leswaku kuva na nkarhi lowu nga humelerisiki (NPT) xikan’we na swiphiqo swotala swa matirhelo kukatsa na tiphayiphi leti khomiweke, ku lahlekeriwa hi ku fambafamba ka ndzhope, ku wa ka wellbore na bit fouling, ku engetela nkarhi wo vuyisa na ntsengo. Hi ndzhavuko, ti oil-based drilling fluids (OBDF) ti vile nhlawulo lowu tsakeriwaka eka swivumbeko swa shale hikokwalaho ka vuswikoti bya tona byo lwisana na ku ndlandlamuxiwa ka shale4. Hambiswiritano, ku tirhisiwa ka swihalaki swo bora leswi tirhisaka oyili swi katsa ku durha lokukulu na makhombo ya mbango. Ti synthetic-based drilling fluids (SBDF) ti tekiwile tani hi ndlela yin’wana, kambe ku faneleka ka tona eka mahiselo yale henhla aswi enerisi. Swihalaki swo bora leswi tirhisaka mati (WBDF) i xitshunxo xo koka rinoko hikuva swi hlayisekile, swi nga onhi mbango, naswona swi nga durhi ngopfu ku tlula OBDF5. Swisivela swohambana hambana swa shale switirhisiwile ku ndlandlamuxa vuswikoti byo sivela shale bya WBDF, kukatsa na swisivela swa ndhavuko swofana na potassium chloride, lime, silicate, na polymer. Hambiswiritano, ti inhibitors leti tina swipimelo eka ku tirha kahle xikan’we naku khumbeka ka mbango, ngopfu ngopfu hikokwalaho ka nhlayo yale henhla ya K+ eka ti inhibitors ta potassium chloride xikan’we na pH sensitivity ya ti silicates. 6 Valavisisi va lavisisile ku koteka ka ku tirhisa swihalaki swa ionic tani hi swiengeteri swa mati yo bora ku antswisa rheology ya mati yo bora na ku sivela ku pfimba ka shale na ku tumbuluxiwa ka hydrate. Hambiswiritano, swihalaki leswi swa ionic, ngopfu ngopfu leswingana ti imidazolyl cations, hi xitalo swina chefu, swa durha, aswi onhaki naswona swilava maendlelo yo rharhangana yo lulamisa. Ku tlhantlha swiphiqo leswi, vanhu vasungule ku lava ndlela yin’wana leyinga durhiki ngopfu naswona yinga onhi mbango, leswinga endla leswaku kuva na ku humelela ka deep eutectic solvents (DES). DES i nkatsakanyo wa eutectic lowu vumbiweke hi hydrogen bond donor (HBD) na hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) eka molar ratio yokarhi na mahiselo. Swihlanganisi leswi swa eutectic swina tindzhawu tale hansi to n’oka kutlula swiphemu swa swona ha xin’we, ngopfu ngopfu hikokwalaho ka charge delocalization leyi vangiwaka hi hydrogen bonds. Swilo swotala, kukatsa na matimba ya lattice, ku cinca ka entropy, na ku tirhisana exikarhi ka ti anions na HBD, swina xiave xa nkoka eka ku hunguta melting point ya DES.
Eka tidyondzo ta khale, swiengeteri swohambana hambana swi engeteriwile eka mati yo bora lawa ya tirhisiwaka ku tlhantlha xiphiqo xa ku ndlandlamuxiwa ka shale. Xikombiso, Ofei na van’wana. yi engeterile 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMIM-Cl), leswinga hunguta swinene ku enta ka khekhe ra ndzhope (kufika eka 50%) naswona swihungute nhlayo ya YP/PV hi 11 eka mahiselo yohambana hambana. Huang na van’wana. u tirhise swihalaki swa ionic (ngopfungopfu, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide na 1,2-bis(3-hexylimidazol-1-yl)ethane bromide) swi hlanganisiwa na swiphemuphemu swa Na-Bt naswona swi hungute swinene ku pfimba ka shale hi 86.43% na 94.17%, hi ku landzelelana12. Ku engetela kwalaho, Yang na van’wana. yi tirhise 1-vinyl-3-dodecylimidazolium bromide na 1-vinyl-3-tetradecylimidazolium bromide ku hunguta ku pfimba ka shale hi 16.91% na 5.81%, hi ku landzelelana. 13 Yang na van’wana. yitlhele yitirhisa 1-vinyl-3-ethylimidazolium bromide naswona yihungute ku ndlandlamuxiwa ka shale hi 31.62% loko kurikarhi ku hlayisiwa ku vuyiseriwa ka shale eka 40.60%. 14 Ku engetela kwalaho, Luo na van’wana. yi tirhise 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ku hunguta ku pfimba ka shale hi 80%. 15, 16 Dai na van’wana. yi tirhise ti ionic liquid copolymers ku sivela shale naswona yifikelerile ku tlakuka ka 18% eka linear recovery loko ku pimanyisiwa na ti amine inhibitors. 17
Swihalaki swa ionic hi swoxe swina swiphiqo swokarhi, leswi susumeteleke vativi va sayense ku lava swin’wana leswinga onhiki mbango ku tlula swihalaki swa ionic, naswona xisweswo DES yi velekiwile. Hanjia hi yena wosungula ku tirhisa ti deep eutectic solvents (DES) leti vumbiwaka hi vinyl chloride propionic acid (1:1), vinyl chloride 3-phenylpropionic acid (1:2), na 3-mercaptopropionic acid + itaconic acid + vinyl chloride (1:1:2), leswinga sivela ku pfimba ka bentonite hi 68%, 58%, na 58%, hi ku landzelelana18. Eka xikambelo xa mahala, MH Rasul yi tirhise 2:1 ratio ya glycerol na potassium carbonate (DES) naswona yi hungute swinene ku pfimba ka swikombiso swa shale hi 87%19,20. Ma u tirhise urea:vinyl chloride ku hunguta swinene ku andzisiwa ka shale hi 67%.21 Rasul et al. Ku hlanganisiwa ka DES na polymer switirhisiwile tani hi dual-action shale inhibitor, leswinga fikelela mbuyelo wa kahle swinene wa shale inhibition22.
Hambi leswi ti deep eutectic solvents (DES) hi xitalo ti tekiwaka tani hi ndlela yin’wana ya rihlaza eka ti ionic liquids, titlhela tiva na swiphemu leswinga vaka na chefu swofana na ammonium salts, leswi endlaka leswaku eco-friendliness ya tona yi kanakana. Xiphiqo lexi xi endle leswaku ku endliwa ti natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES). Ti ha hlayiwa tani hi DES, kambe ti vumbiwa hi swilo swa ntumbuluko na munyu, kukatsa na potassium chloride (KCl), calcium chloride (CaCl2), Epsom salts (MgSO4.7H2O), na swin’wana. Ku hlanganisiwa ko tala loku nga kotekaka ka DES na NADES ku pfula ndhawu yo anama ya ndzavisiso eka ndhawu leyi naswona ku languteriwile ku kuma switirhisiwa eka tinsimu to hambana. Valavisisi vo hlayanyana va humelerile ku tumbuluxa swihlanganisi leswintshwa swa DES leswi tikombiseke swi tirha eka switirhisiwa swo hambana. Xikombiso, Naser na van’wana. 2013 yi endlile DES leyi simekiweke eka potassium carbonate naswona yi dyondze swivumbeko swa yona swa thermophysical, leswi endzhaku swi kumeke switirhisiwa eka tindhawu ta ku sivela hydrate, swiengeteri swa mati yo bora, delignification, na nanofibrillation. 23 Jordy Kim na vatirhikulobye va tumbuluxile NADES leyi simekiweke eka ascorbic acid naswona va kamberile swivumbeko swa yona swa antioxidant eka switirhisiwa swo hambana. 24 Christer na van’wana. yi tumbuluxile NADES leyi simekiweke eka citric acid naswona yi kumile vuswikoti bya yona tani hi xipfuneti xa switirhisiwa swa collagen. 25 Liu Yi na vatirhikulobye va katsakanye matirhiselo ya NADES tanihi switirhisiwa swo humesa na swa chromatography eka nkambisiso lowu heleleke, kasi Misan et al. va burisanile hi matirhiselo lama humelelaka ya NADES eka sekithara ya swakudya swa vurimi. I swa nkoka leswaku valavisisi va mati yo bora va sungula ku nyikela nyingiso eka ku tirha kahle ka NADES eka matirhiselo ya vona. sweswi. Hi lembe ra 2023, Rasul na van’wana. va tirhisile ku hlanganisiwa ko hambana ka swintshuxo swa ntumbuluko leswi dzikeke swa eutectic leswi simekiweke eka ascorbic acid26, calcium chloride27, potassium chloride28 na Epsom salt29 naswona va fikelerile ku sivela ka shale loku hlamarisaka na ku vuyiseriwa ka shale. Dyondzo leyi i yin’wana ya tidyondzo tosungula ku nghenisa NADES (ngopfu ngopfu citric acid na glycerol-based formulation) tani hi shale inhibitor leyinga onhiki mbango naku tirha kahle eka swihalaki swo bora leswi simekiweke eka mati, leswi kombisaka kutshamiseka ka kahle swinene eka mbango, vuswikoti byo antswisiwa bya shale inhibition xikan’we naku antswisiwa ka matirhelo ya fluid loko ku pimanyisiwa na swisivela swa ndhavuko swofana na KCl, imidazolyl-based ionic liquids na DES ya ndhavuko.
Dyondzo yi ta katsa ku lulamisiwa endzeni ka yindlu ka NADES leyi simekiweke eka citric acid (CA) leyi landzeriwaka hi vuxokoxoko bya swihlawulekisi swa physicochemical na ku tirhisiwa ka yona tanihi xiengeteri xa mati yo bora ku kambela swivumbeko swa mati yo bora na vuswikoti bya yona byo sivela ku pfimba. Eka dyondzo leyi, CA yi ta tirha tanihi muamukeri wa xihlanganisi xa hayidirojeni kasi glycerol (Gly) yi ta tirha tanihi munyiki wa xihlanganisi xa hayidirojeni loyi a hlawuriweke hi ku ya hi swipimelo swa ku kamberiwa ka MH eka ku tumbuluxiwa/ku hlawuriwa ka NADES eka tidyondzo ta ku sivela ka shale30. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) na zeta potential (ZP) measurements swita paluxa ku tirhisana ka NADES-clay xikan’we na endlelo leri nga ehansi ka ku sivela ku pfimba ka vumba. Ku engetela kwalaho, ndzavisiso lowu wu ta pimanisa mati yo bora lama simekiweke eka CA NADES na DES32 leyi simekiweke eka 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [EMIM]Cl7,12,14,17,31, KCl na choline chloride:urea (1:2) ku lavisisa ku humelela ka wona eka ku sivela ka shale na ku antswisa matirhelo ya mati yo bora.
Citric acid (monohydrate), glycerol (99 USP) na urea swi xaviwile eka EvaChem, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Choline chloride (>98%), [EMIM]Cl 98%, na potassium chloride swi xaviwile kusuka eka Sigma Aldrich, Malaysia. Swivumbeko swa tikhemikhali ta tikhemikhali hinkwato swi kombisiwile eka Xifaniso 1. Xifaniso xa rihlaza xi pimanisa tikhemikhali letikulu leti tirhisiweke eka ndzavisiso lowu: imidazolyl ionic liquid, choline chloride (DES), citric acid, glycerol, potassium chloride, na NADES (citric acid na glycerol). Tafula ra eco-friendliness ra tikhemikhali leti tirhisiweke eka ndzavisiso lowu ri nyikiwile eka Tafula ra 1. Eka tafula, khemikhali yin’wana na yin’wana yi ringanisiwile hi ku ya hi chefu, ku onhaka ka swilo leswi hanyaka, ntsengo, na ku tshamiseka ka mbango.
Swivumbeko swa tikhemikhali swa switirhisiwa leswi tirhisiweke eka ndzavisiso lowu: (a) citric acid, (b) [EMIM]Cl, (c) choline chloride, na (d) glycerol.
Ti candidates ta hydrogen bond donor (HBD) na hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) eka nhluvukiso wa CA (natural deep eutectic solvent) based NADES ti hlawuriwile hi vukheta kuya hi swipimelo swa ku hlawula swa MH 30, leswi kongomisiweke eka nhluvukiso wa NADES tani hi ti shale inhibitors leti tirhaka. Hikuya hi xipimelo lexi, swiphemu leswingana nhlayo leyikulu ya vaphakeri va hydrogen bond na va amukeri xikan’we na mintlawa ya polar functional switekiwa swiri leswi faneleke eka nhluvukiso wa NADES.
Ku engetela kwalaho, ionic liquid [EMIM]Cl na choline chloride:urea deep eutectic solvent (DES) swi hlawuriwile ku pimanisiwa eka ndzavisiso lowu hikuva swi tirhisiwa ngopfu tanihi swiengeteri swa mati yo bora33,34,35,36. Ku engetela kwalano, potassium chloride (KCl) yi pimanyisiwile hikuva i inhibitor leyi tolovelekeke.
Citric acid na glycerol swihlanganisiwe hi ti molar ratios tohambana hambana kuva ku kumiwa swihlanganisi swa eutectic. Ku kamberiwa hi mahlo swikombe leswaku nkatsakanyo wa eutectic akuri homogeneous, transparent liquid leyinga hava turbidity, leswi kombaka leswaku hydrogen bond donor (HBD) na hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) swihlanganisiwe hiku humelela eka xivumbeko lexi xa eutectic. Swikambelo swosungula swiendliwile kuva ku langutiwa mahanyelo lawa ya titshegeke hi mahiselo ya maendlelo yo hlanganisa ya HBD na HBA. Kuya hi matsalwa lawa yanga kona, xiphemu xa swihlanganisi swa eutectic swikamberiwile eka mahiselo yanharhu yokarhi yale henhla ka 50 °C, 70 °C na 100 °C, leswi kombaka leswaku mahiselo ya eutectic yatala kuva eka 50–80 °C. Mettler digital balance yitirhisiwile ku pima kahle swiphemu swa HBD na HBA, naswona Thermo Fisher hot plate yitirhisiwile ku hisa naku hlanganisa HBD na HBA hi 100 rpm ehansi ka swiyimo leswi lawuriwaka.
Swihlawulekisi swa thermophysical swa deep eutectic solvent (DES) ya hina leyi endliweke, kukatsa na density, surface tension, refractive index, na viscosity, swi pimiwe kahle eka mahiselo kusuka eka 289.15 kuya eka 333.15 K. Swifanele ku xiyiwa leswaku mahiselo lawa ya hlawuriwile ngopfu ngopfu hikokwalaho ka swipimelo swa switirhisiwa leswinga kona. Nxopaxopo lowu heleleke wu katsa dyondzo yo enta ya swivumbeko swo hambana swa thermophysical swa xivumbeko lexi xa NADES, ku paluxa mahanyelo ya swona eka mahiselo yo hambana. Ku kongomisa eka ndzhawu leyi yokarhi ya mahiselo swinyika vutivi eka swivumbeko swa NADES leswinga swa nkoka swinene eka nhlayo ya switirhisiwa.
Ntshikelelo wa le henhla wa NADES tani hi leswi lulamisiweke wu pimiwe eka ndzhawu kusuka eka 289.15 kuya eka 333.15 K hiku tirhisa interfacial tension meter (IFT700). Mathonsi ya NADES ya vumbiwa eka kamara leri taleke hi volume leyikulu ya mati hiku tirhisa capillary needle ehansi ka swiyimo swokarhi swa mahiselo na ntshikelelo. Maendlelo ya manguva lawa ya swifaniso ya nghenisa ti parameters ta geometric leti faneleke ku hlayela interfacial tension hiku tirhisa Laplace equation.
ATAGO refractometer yitirhisiwile ku kumisisa refractive index ya NADES leyinga lulamisiwaka eka mahiselo ya 289.15 kuya eka 333.15 K. Xitirhisiwa lexi xitirhisa modula yo hisa ku lawula mahiselo ku ringanyeta mpimo wa refraction ya ku vonakala, leswi herisaka xilaveko xa ku hlamba ka mati ya mahiselo lawa yanga cinciki. Vuandlalo bya prism bya refractometer byifanele ku basisiwa naswona sample solution yifanele ku hangalasiwa hiku ringana ehenhla ka yona. Calibrate hi standard solution leyi tivekaka, kutani u hlaya refractive index kusuka eka screen.
Viscosity ya as-prepared NADES yi pimiwe eka mahiselo ya 289.15 kuya eka 333.15 K hiku tirhisa Brookfield rotational viscometer (cryogenic type) eka shear rate ya 30 rpm na sayizi ya spindle ya 6. Viscometer yi pima viscosity hiku kumisisa torque leyi lavekaka ku rhendzeleka na spindle hi rivilo leri nga cinciki eka xikombiso xa mati. Endzhaku kaloko xikombiso xi vekiwile eka xikirini ehansi ka spindle naswona xi tiyisiwile, viscometer yi kombisa viscosity hi centipoise (cP), leswi nyikaka vuxokoxoko bya nkoka eka swivumbeko swa rheological swa mati.
Mita ya density leyi rhwalekaka DMA 35 Basic yitirhisiwile ku kumisisa density ya natural deep eutectic solvent (NDEES) leyinga lulamisiwaka eka mahiselo ya 289.15–333.15 K. Leswi xitirhisiwa lexi xingariki na hitara leyi akiweke endzeni, xifanele ku hisiwa kuya eka mahiselo lawa ya boxiweke (± 2 °C) loko kungase tirhisiwa mitara ya density ya NADES. Dirowa kwalomu ka 2 ml ya xikombiso hiku tirhisa chubu, naswona density yita hatla yi kombisiwa eka xikirini. Swifanele ku xiya leswaku hikokwalaho ka ku pfumaleka ka hitara leyi akiweke endzeni, mbuyelo wa ku pima wuna xihoxo xa ± 2 °C.
Ku kambela pH ya NADES leyinga lulamisiwaka eka mahiselo ya 289.15–333.15 K, hi tirhise Kenis benchtop pH meter. Leswi kungari na xitirhisiwa xo kufumeta lexi akiweke endzeni, NADES yisungule ku hisiwa kuya eka mahiselo lawa ya lavekaka (±2 °C) hiku tirhisa hotplate kutani yi pimiwa hiku kongoma hi pH meter. Nghenisa hiku hetiseka pH meter probe eka NADES kutani u rhekhoda nhlayo yohetelela endzhaku kaloko ku hlayiwa ku tshamisekile.
Nxopaxopo wa thermogravimetric (TGA) wutirhisiwile ku kambela ku tiya ka mahiselo ya ti natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES). Tisampulu ti kamberiwile hi nkarhi wa ku hisiwa. Hiku tirhisa balance ya high-precision xikan’we naku langutisisa hi vukheta maendlelo yo hisa, plot ya mass loss versus temperature yi endliwile. NADES yi hisiwa kusuka eka 0 kuya eka 500 °C hi rivilo ra 1 °C hi minete.
Kusungula endlelo, xikombiso xa NADES xifanele ku hlanganisiwa kahle, xiva homogenized, naswona ku susiwa ndzhongho wale henhla. Kutani xikombiso lexi lulamisiweke xi vekiwa eka cuvette ya TGA, leyi hi ntolovelo yi endliwaka hi nchumu lowu nga tirhiki ku fana na aluminiyamu. Ku tiyisisa mbuyelo lowu kongomeke, switirhisiwa swa TGA swikalibiwa hiku tirhisa switirhisiwa swa reference, hi ntolovelo swipimelo swa ntiko. Loko se yi kalibiwile, ku ringeta ka TGA ka sungula naswona xikombiso xi hisiwa hi ndlela leyi lawuriwaka, hi ntolovelo hi mpimo lowu nga cinciki. Ku vekiwa tihlo loku yaka emahlweni ka vuxaka exikarhi ka ntiko wa xikombiso na mahiselo i xiphemu xa nkoka xa xikambelo. Switirhisiwa swa TGA swi hlengeleta data eka mahiselo, ntiko, na ti parameter tin’wana tofana na ku khuluka ka gasi kumbe mahiselo ya xikombiso. Loko ku ringetiwa ka TGA ku herile, datha leyi hlengeletiweke ya xopaxopiwa ku kumisisa ku cinca ka ntiko wa xikombiso tanihi ntirho wa mahiselo. Rungula leri rina nkoka eka ku kumisisa mahiselo lawa ya fambelanaka na ku cinca ka physical na ti khemikhali eka xikombiso, kukatsa na maendlelo yofana na ku n’oka, ku khuluka, oxidation, kumbe ku bola.
Xihalaki xo bora lexi simekiweke eka mati xi endliwile hi vukheta kuya hi mpimanyeto wa API 13B-1, naswona xivumbeko xa xona xokarhi xi xaxametiwile eka Tafula ra 2 kuva xitirhisiwa. Citric acid na glycerol (99 USP) swi xaviwile kusuka eka Sigma Aldrich, Malaysia kuva ku lulamisiwa natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES). Ku engetela kwalano, shale inhibitor ya ntolovelo ya potassium chloride (KCl) nayona yi xaviwile kusuka eka Sigma Aldrich, Malaysia. 1-ethyl, 3-methylimidazolium chloride ([EMIM]Cl) leyinga basa kutlula 98% yi hlawuriwile hikokwalaho ka mbuyelo wa yona lowukulu eka ku antswisa rheology ya drilling fluid na shale inhibition, leswinga tiyisisiwa eka tidyondzo tale mahlweni. Havumbirhi KCl na ([EMIM]Cl) swita tirhisiwa eka nxopaxopo wo pimanisa ku kambela matirhelo ya shale inhibition ya NADES.
Valavisisi votala vatsakela kutirhisa ti bentonite flakes kuva va dyondza hi ku pfimba ka shale hikuva bentonite yina ntlawa lowu fanaka wa “montmorillonite” lowu vangaka ku pfimba ka shale. Ku kuma tisampulu ta xiviri ta shale core swina ntlhontlho hikuva maendlelo ya coring ya onha shale, leswi endlaka leswaku kuva na tisampulu letinga shale hinkwato kambe hi ntolovelo tina nkatsakanyo wa sandstone na limestone layers. Ku engetela kwalano, tisampulu ta shale hi ntolovelo ti pfumala mintlawa ya montmorillonite leyi vangaka ku pfimba ka shale naswona hikokwalaho ayi ringanelanga eka swikambelo swa ku sivela ku pfimba.
Eka dyondzo leyi, hi tirhise swiphemuphemu swa bentonite leswi vumbiweke nakambe leswi nga na dyayimeta ya kwalomu ka 2.54 cm. Ti granules ti endliwile hiku tshikelela 11.5 grams ya sodium bentonite powder eka hydraulic press eka 1600 psi. Ku enta ka ti granules aku pimiwe kahle loko kungase vekiwa eka linear dilatometer (LD). Kutani swiphemuphemu leswi swi nghenisiwile eka tisampulu ta mati yo bora, kukatsa na tisampulu ta base na tisampulu leti cheriweke ti inhibitors leti tirhisiwaka ku sivela ku pfimba ka shale. Ku cinca ka vukulu bya granule switlhele swilangutiwile hi vukheta hiku tirhisa LD, laha kunga rhekhodiwa mimpimo eka 60-second intervals kuringana 24 wa tiawara.
X-ray diffraction yi kombisile leswaku xivumbeko xa bentonite, ngopfu ngopfu xiphemu xa yona xa 47% xa montmorillonite, i nchumu wa nkoka eka ku twisisa swihlawulekisi swa yona swa geological. Exikarhi ka swiphemu swa montmorillonite swa bentonite, montmorillonite hi yona xiphemu lexikulu, lexi endlaka 88.6% wa swiphemu hinkwaswo. Hi nkarhi wolowo, quartz yi endla 29%, illite yi endla 7%, kasi carbonate yi endla 9%. Xiphemu lexintsongo (kwalomu ka 3.2%) i nkatsakanyo wa illite na montmorillonite. Ku engetela kwalano, yina ti trace elements tofana na Fe2O3 (4.7%), silver aluminosilicate (1.2%), muscovite (4%), na phosphate (2.3%). Ku engetela kwalano, nhlayo leyintsongo ya Na2O (1.83%) na iron silicate (2.17%) swikona, leswi endlaka leswaku swikoteka ku tlangela hiku hetiseka swiaki leswi vumbeke bentonite xikan’we na swipimelo swa swona.
Xiyenge lexi xa dyondzo leyi heleleke xi hlamusela hi vuxokoxoko swivumbeko swa rheological na filtration swa tisampulu ta mati yo bora leti lulamisiweke hi ku tirhisa natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) naswona yi tirhisiwa tanihi xiengeteri xa mati yo bora eka nhlayo yo hambana (1%, 3% na 5%). Tisampulu ta slurry leti simekiweke eka NADES titlhele ti pimanisiwa naku kamberiwa na tisampulu ta slurry leti vumbiwaka hi potassium chloride (KCl), CC:urea DES (choline chloride deep eutectic solvent:urea) na ionic liquids. Nhlayo ya ti parameters ta nkoka ti katsiwile eka ndzavisiso lowu kukatsa na ku hlayiwa ka viscosity loku kumiweke hiku tirhisa FANN viscometer emahlweni na endzhaku ka ku hlangana na swiyimo swa ku dyuhala eka 100°C na 150°C. Mipimo yi tekiwile eka rivilo rohambana hambana ro rhendzeleka (3 rpm, 6 rpm, 300 rpm na 600 rpm) leswi pfumelelaka nxopaxopo lowu heleleke wa mahanyelo ya mati yo bora. Data leyi kumiweke yinga tirhisiwa ku kumisisa swivumbeko swa nkoka swofana na yield point (YP) na plastic viscosity (PV), leswi nyikaka vutivi eka matirhelo ya fluid ehansi ka swiyimo swohambana hambana. Swikambelo swa high pressure high temperature (HPHT) filtration eka 400 psi na 150°C (mahiselo ya ntolovelo eka swihlovo swa mahiselo yale henhla) swi veka matirhelo ya filtration (ku enta ka khekhe na volume ya filtrate).
Xiyenge lexi xi tirhisa switirhisiwa swa xiyimo xa le henhla, Grace HPHT Linear Dilatometer (M4600), ku kambela hi vukheta swivumbeko swa ku sivela ku pfimba ka shale swa swihalaki swa hina swo bora leswi simekiweke ematini. LSM i muchini wa xiyimo xa le henhla lowu nga na swiphemu swimbirhi: plate compactor na linear dilatometer (model: M4600). Ti plates ta Bentonite ti lulamisiwile kuva ti kamberiwa hiku tirhisa Grace Core/Plate Compactor. Kutani LSM yinyika data ya xihatla ya ku pfimba eka ti plates leti, leswi pfumelelaka ku kamberiwa loku heleleke ka swivumbeko swa shale swa ku sivela ku pfimba. Swikambelo swa ku ndlandlamuxiwa ka shale swi endliwile ehansi ka swiyimo swa ndzhawu, i.e., 25°C na 1 psia.
Ku kamberiwa ka ku tiya ka shale swikatsa xikambelo xa nkoka lexi talaka ku vuriwa xikambelo xa shale recovery test, shale dip test kumbe shale dispersion test. Ku sungula nkambisiso lowu, swiphemu swa shale swi hambanisiwa eka #6 BSS screen kutani swi vekiwa eka #10 screen. Kutani swiphemu leswi tsemiweke swi phameriwa eka thangi ro khoma laha swikatsiwa na base fluid xikan’we na ndzhope wo bora lowungana NADES (Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent). Goza leri landzelaka iku veka nkatsakanyo eka oven kuva kuva na endlelo ro hisa swinene ro rhendzeleka, kutiyisisa leswaku swiphemu leswi tsemiweke na ndzhope swi hlanganisiwa kahle. Endzhaku ka 16 wa tiawara, swimilani leswi tsemiweke swi susiwa eka pulp hiku pfumelela shale kuva yi bola, leswi endlaka leswaku kuhunguteka ntiko wa swimilani leswi tsemiweke. Xikambelo xa ku vuyisa shale xi endliwile endzhaku kaloko ku tsemiwa ka shale ku khomiwile eka ndzhope wo bora eka 150°C na 1000 psi. intshi ku nga si hela tiawara ta 24.
Leswaku hi pima ku vuyelela ka ndzhope wa shale, hi wu sefile hi xisirhelelo lexinene (40 mesh), ivi hi wu hlantswa kahle hi mati, ivi eku heteleleni hi wu omisa eovheni. Endlelo leri ro tika ri hi pfumelela ku ringanyeta ndzhope lowu vuyeleriweke loko wu pimanisiwa na ntiko wosungula, ekuheteleleni hi hlayela tiphesente ta ndzhope wa shale lowu vuyeleriweke hiku humelela. Xihlovo xa swikombiso swa shale xi huma eka Niah District, Miri District, Sarawak, Malaysia. Loko kungase endliwa swikambelo swa ku hangalaka naku vuyisa, tisampulu ta shale ti endliwile nxopaxopo lowu heleleke wa X-ray diffraction (XRD) kuva ku pimiwa nhlayo ya xivumbeko xa tona xa vumba naku tiyisisa ku faneleka ka tona ku kamberiwa. Xivumbeko xa timinerali ta vumba bya xikombiso lexi xile ka xiyimo lexi landzelaka: illite 18%, kaolinite 31%, chlorite 22%, vermiculite 10%, na mica 19%.
Ku tsana ka le henhla i nchumu wa nkoka lowu lawulaka ku nghena ka ti cations ta mati eka ti shale micropores hiku tirhisa capillary action, leswinga ta dyondziwa hi vuxokoxoko eka xiyenge lexi. Phepha leri ri kambisisa ntirho wa ku tsana ka le henhla eka nhundzu yo hlangana ya swihalaki swo bora, ri kombisa nkucetelo wa rona wa nkoka eka endlelo ro bora, ngopfungopfu ku sivela ka shale. Hi tirhise interfacial tensiometer (IFT700) ku pima kahle ku nonoka ka le henhla ka swikombiso swa mati yo bora, ku paluxa xiphemu xa nkoka xa mahanyelo ya mati eka xiyimo xa ku sivela ka shale.
Xiyenge lexi xi vulavula hi vuxokoxoko hi d-layer spacing, leyi nga mpfhuka wa interlayer exikarhi ka ti layers ta aluminosilicate na leyara yin’we ya aluminosilicate eka vumba. Nxopaxopo wu katsa swikombiso swa ndzhope lowu tsakamaka leswi nga na 1%, 3% na 5% CA NADES, xikan’we na 3% KCl, 3% [EMIM]Cl na 3% CC:urea based DES ku pimanisiwa. Benchtop X-ray diffractometer ya xiyimo xale henhla (D2 Phaser) leyi tirhaka eka 40 mA na 45 kV na Cu-Kα radiation (λ = 1.54059 Å) yi tlangile xiave xa nkoka eka ku rhekhoda tinhlohlorhi ta X-ray diffraction ta tisampulu ta Na-Bt leti tsakamaka na leti omeke. Ku tirhisiwa ka Bragg equation swiendla leswaku kuva na ku kumiwa kahle ka d-layer spacing, xisweswo swinyika vuxokoxoko bya nkoka eka mahanyelo ya vumba.
Xiyenge lexi xi tirhisa xitirhisiwa xa xiyimo xa le henhla xa Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZSP ku pima kahle vuswikoti bya zeta. Ndzavisiso lowu wu nyikile vuxokoxoko bya nkoka eka swihlawulekisi swa charge ya tisampulu ta ndzhope lowu nga na 1%, 3%, na 5% CA NADES, xikan’we na 3% KCl, 3% [EMIM]Cl, na 3% CC:urea-based DES kuva yi pimanisiwa. Mimbuyelo leyi yi hoxa xandla eka ku twisisa ka hina ka ku tshamiseka ka ti colloidal compounds na ku tirhisana ka tona eka swihalaki.
Tisampulu ta vumba ti kamberiwile emahlweni na le ndzhaku ka ku hlangana na natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) hiku tirhisa Zeiss Supra 55 VP field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) leyi hlomisiweke hi energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). Xiboho xa swifaniso akuri 500 nm naswona matimba ya electron beam akuri 30 kV na 50 kV. FESEM yinyika ku vonakala ka xiyimo xale henhla ka xivumbeko xale henhla na swivumbeko swa xivumbeko xa swikombiso swa vumba. Xikongomelo xa ndzavisiso lowu akuri ku kuma vuxokoxoko mayelana na mbuyelo wa NADES eka swikombiso swa vumba hiku pimanisa swifaniso leswi kumiweke emahlweni na le ndzhaku ka ku paluxiwa.
Eka ndzavisiso lowu, thekinoloji ya field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) yitirhisiwile ku lavisisa mbuyelo wa NADES eka tisampulu ta vumba eka xiyimo xa microscopic. Xikongomelo xa ndzavisiso lowu iku paluxa matirhiselo lawa yanga kona ya NADES xikan’we na mbuyelo wa yona eka mofoloji ya vumba na vukulu bya swiphemuphemu swa xikarhi, leswinga ta nyika vuxokoxoko bya nkoka eka ndzavisiso eka ntirho lowu.
Eka dyondzo leyi, tibara ta swihoxo ti tirhisiwile ku hlamusela hi mahlo ku cincacinca na ku nga tiyiseki ka xihoxo xa tiphesente ta le xikarhi (AMPE) eka swiyimo hinkwaswo swa xikambelo. Ematshan’wini yo plota mimpimo ya AMPE yin’wana na yin’wana (tanihi leswi ku plota mimpimo ya AMPE swi nga fihlaka mikhuva na ku hundzeleta ku hambana lokutsongo), hi hlayela tibara ta swihoxo hi ku tirhisa nawu wa 5%. Endlelo leri ri tiyisisa leswaku barhi yin’wana na yin’wana ya swihoxo yi yimela nkarhi lowu nkarhi wa ku tshemba wa 95% na 100% wa mimpimo ya AMPE swi languteriweke ku wela eka wona, hi ndlela yoleyo ku nyika nkatsakanyo lowu nga erivaleni no koma swinene wa ku hangalasiwa ka datha eka xiyimo xin’wana na xin’wana xa xikambelo. Ku tirhisa tibara ta swihoxo leti simekiweke eka nawu wa 5% xisweswo swi antswisa ku hlamuseriwa na ku tshembheka ka vuyimeri bya girafu naswona swi pfuneta ku nyika ku twisisa loku nga na vuxokoxoko bya mimbuyelo na switandzhaku swa yona.
Eka ku endliwa ka ti natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES), ti parameters to hlaya ta nkoka ti dyondzeriwile hi vukheta hinkarhi wa maendlelo yo lulamisela endzeni ka yindlu. Swilo leswi swa nkoka swikatsa mahiselo, molar ratio, na rivilo ro hlanganisa. Swikambelo swa hina swikombisa leswaku loko HBA (citric acid) na HBD (glycerol) swihlanganisiwa eka molar ratio ya 1:4 eka 50°C, ku endliwa nkatsakanyo wa eutectic. Xihlawulekisi xa nkatsakanyo wa eutectic i ku vonakala ka wona loku vonakaka, loku fanaka, na ku pfumaleka ka sediment. Xisweswo, goza leri ra nkoka ri kombisa nkoka wa molar ratio, mahiselo, na rivilo ro hlanganisa, laha exikarhi ka swona molar ratio akuri nchumu lowu nga na nkucetelo swinene eka ku lulamisiwa ka DES na NADES, tani hileswi swikombisiweke eka Xifaniso xa 2.
Refractive index (n) yi kombisa mpimo wa rivilo ra ku vonakala eka vacuum na rivilo ra ku vonakala eka xitirhisiwa xa vumbirhi, xo enta. Refractive index yitsakela ngopfu eka ti natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) loko ku tekeriwa enhlokweni switirhisiwa leswinga na vuxiyaxiya bya mahlo swofana na ti biosensors. Refractive index ya NADES leyi dyondziweke eka 25 °C ayiri 1.452, leswinga ehansi hindlela yo tsakisa kutlula ya glycerol.
Swifanele ku xiya leswaku refractive index ya NADES yihunguteka loko mahiselo, naswona ntshamiseko lowu wunga hlamuseriwa kahle hi formula (1) na Figure 3, laha xihoxo xa phesente ya absolute mean (AMPE) xifikaka eka 0%. Mahanyelo lawa ya titshegeke hi mahiselo ya hlamuseriwa hiku hunguteka ka viscosity na density eka mahiselo yale henhla, leswi endlaka leswaku ku vonakala ku famba hi medium hi rivilo rale henhla, leswi endlaka leswaku kuva na refractive index (n) value yale hansi. Mimbuyelo leyi yi nyika vutivi bya nkoka eka matirhiselo ya maqhinga ya NADES eka optical sensing, leswi kombisaka vuswikoti bya yona eka switirhisiwa swa biosensor.
Surface tension, leyi kombisaka ntolovelo wa liquid surface kuva yi hunguta ndzhawu ya yona, yina nkoka swinene eka ku kambela ku faneleka ka natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) eka switirhisiwa leswi simekiweke eka ntshikelelo wa ti capillary. Dyondzo ya surface tension eka mahiselo ya 25–60 °C yinyika vuxokoxoko bya nkoka. Eka 25 °C, surface tension ya citric acid-based NADES akuri 55.42 mN/m, leswinga ehansi swinene kutlula swa mati na glycerol. Xifaniso xa 4 xikombisa leswaku ku tsana ka le henhla ka misava kuhunguteka swinene loko mahiselo ya tlakuka. Xiendlakalo lexi xinga hlamuseriwa hiku tlakuka ka molecular kinetic energy xikan’we naku hunguteka loku landzelaka ka intermolecular attractive forces.
Linear decreasing trend ya surface tension leyi voniweke eka NADES leyi dyondziweke yinga kombisiwa kahle hi equation (2), leyi kombisaka vuxaka bya xisekelo bya tinhlayo eka mahiselo ya 25–60 °C. Girafamu eka Xifaniso xa 4 yi kombisa kahle ntshamiseko wa ku tsana ka le henhla na mahiselo hi xihoxo xa phesente ya le xikarhi leyi heleleke (AMPE) ya 1.4%, leswi pimaka ku pakanisa ka mimpimo ya ku tsana ka le henhla loku vikiweke. Mimbuyelo leyi yi na switandzhaku swa nkoka eka ku twisisa mahanyelo ya NADES na matirhiselo ya yona lama nga vaka kona.
Ku twisisa density dynamics ya ti natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) i swa nkoka swinene ku olovisa ku tirhisiwa ka tona eka tidyondzo to tala ta sayense. Nhlayo ya citric acid-based NADES eka 25°C i 1.361 g/cm3, leswinga e henhla kutlula density ya glycerol ya mutswari. Kuhambana loku kunga hlamuseriwa hiku engeteriwa ka hydrogen bond acceptor (citric acid) eka glycerol.
Loko hi teka NADES leyi simekiweke eka citrate tani hi xikombiso, density ya yona yihunguteka kuya eka 1.19 g/cm3 eka 60°C. Ku tlakuka ka kinetic energy loko ku hisiwa swiendla leswaku ti molecules ta NADES ti hangalaka, leswi endlaka leswaku ti teka volume leyikulu, leswi endlaka leswaku kuhunguteka density. Ku hunguteka loku xiyiweke ka density ku kombisa ku yelana ko karhi ka linear na ku tlakuka ka mahiselo, leswi nga kombisiwaka kahle hi fomula ya (3). Xifaniso xa 5 xi kombisa hi girafu swihlawulekisi leswi swa ku cinca ka density ya NADES hi xihoxo xa phesente ya xiringaniso lexi heleleke (AMPE) xa 1.12%, lexi nyikaka mpimo wa nhlayo wa ku pakanisa ka mimpimo ya density leyi vikiweke.
Viscosity i matimba yo koka exikarhi ka ti layers to hambana ta mati lawa ya fambafambaka naswona ya tlanga xiave xa nkoka eka ku twisisa ku tirhisiwa ka ti natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) eka switirhisiwa swohambana hambana. Eka 25 °C, viscosity ya NADES ayiri 951 cP, leyinga e henhla kutlula ya glycerol.
Kuhunguteka loku voniweke ka viscosity loko mahiselo ya tlakuka swihlamuseriwa ngopfu hiku tsana ka matimba yo koka ya intermolecular. Xiendlakalo lexi xi endla leswaku ku va na ku hunguteka ka viscosity ya fluid, ntshamiseko lowu kombisiweke kahle eka Xifaniso xa 6 naswona wu pimiwile hi Equation (4). Lexi xiyekaka, eka 60°C, viscosity yihunguteka kuya eka 898 cP laha kungana overall mean percent error (AMPE) ya 1.4%. Ku twisisa hi vuxokoxoko bya viscosity versus temperature dependence eka NADES i swa nkoka swinene eka ku tirhisiwa ka yona loku tirhaka.
pH ya solution, leyi kumiwaka hi negative logarithm ya hydrogen ion concentration, yina nkoka swinene, ngopfu ngopfu eka switirhisiwa leswinga na pH-sensitive swofana na DNA synthesis, hikokwalaho pH ya NADES yifanele ku kamberiwa hi vukheta loko kungase tirhisiwa. Loko hi teka NADES leyi simekiweke eka citric acid tani hi xikombiso, pH leyi hambaneke ya acid ya 1.91 yinga voniwa, leswi hambaneke swinene na pH leyinga neutral ya glycerol.
Lexi tsakisaka, pH ya natural citric acid dehydrogenase soluble solvent (NADES) yi kombisile non-linear decreasing trend loko mahiselo ya tlakuka. Xiendlakalo lexi xivangiwa hiku tlakuka ka ti molecular vibrations leswi kavanyetaka H+ balance eka solution, leswi yisaka eka ku endliwa ka [H]+ ions naswona, hiku famba ka nkarhi, ku cinca eka pH value. Loko pH ya ntumbuluko ya citric acid yisuka eka 3 kuya eka 5, vukona bya acidic hydrogen eka glycerol byi ya emahlweni byi hunguta pH kuya eka 1.91.
Mahanyelo ya pH ya NADES leyi simekiweke eka citrate eka mahiselo ya 25–60 °C yanga yimeriwa hindlela leyi faneleke hi equation (5), leyi nyikaka ku paluxiwa ka tinhlayo eka ntshamiseko wa pH lowu xiyiweke. Xifaniso xa 7 xi kombisa hi graphic vuxaka lebyi byo tsakisa, xi kombisa mbuyelo wa mahiselo eka pH ya NADES, leyi vikiwaka kuva yiri 1.4% eka AMPE.
Nxopaxopo wa thermogravimetric (TGA) wa natural citric acid deep eutectic solvent (NADES) wu endliwile hindlela leyi hlelekeke eka mahiselo kusuka eka mahiselo ya kamara kuya eka 500 °C. Tani hilaha swinga voniwaka hakona eka swifaniso swa 8a na b, ku lahlekeriwa kosungula ka mass kuya fika eka 100 °C swivangiwa ngopfu hi mati lawa ya tswongiweke xikan’we na mati ya hydration lawa ya fambelanaka na citric acid na pure glycerol. Ku khomiwa ka mass lokukulu ka kwalomu ka 88% swivoniwe kuya fika eka 180 °C, leswi ngopfu ngopfu swivangiwa hiku bola ka citric acid kuya eka aconitic acid xikan’we naku vumbiwa loku landzelaka ka methylmaleic anhydride(III) loko ku ya emahlweni ku hisiwa (Figure 8 b). Ehenhla ka 180 °C, ku vonakala loku nga erivaleni ka acrolein (acrylaldehyde) eka glycerol na swona swinga voniwa, tani hileswi swikombisiweke eka Xifaniso xa 8b37.
Nxopaxopo wa thermogravimetric (TGA) wa glycerol wu paluxe endlelo ra switeji swimbirhi ro lahlekeriwa hi masa. Xiyenge xosungula (180 kuya eka 220 °C) xikatsa ku endliwa ka acrolein, leswi landzeriwaka hiku lahlekeriwa swinene hi mass eka mahiselo yale henhla kusuka eka 230 kuya eka 300 °C (Figure 8a). Loko mahiselo ya ri karhi ya tlakuka, acetaldehyde, carbon dioxide, methane na hydrogen swi vumbiwa hi ku landzelelana. Lexi xiyekaka, i 28% ntsena wa vukulu lebyi hlayisiweke eka 300 °C, leswi kombaka leswaku swivumbeko swa le ndzeni swa NADES 8(a)38,39 swi nga ha va swi ri na xihoxo.
Ku kuma vuxokoxoko mayelana na ku tumbuluxiwa ka swihlanganisi leswintshwa swa tikhemikhali, ti suspensions letinga lulamisiwa ta natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) ti kamberiwile hi Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Nxopaxopo wu endliwile hiku pimanisa spectrum ya NADES suspension na spectrum ya pure citric acid (CA) na glycerol (Gly). CA spectrum yi kombisile tinhlohlorhi leti nga erivaleni eka 1752 1/cm na 1673 1/cm, leswi yimelaka ku rhurhumela ka ku ololoka ka C=O bond naswona switlhela swiva xihlawulekisi xa CA. Ku engetela kwalano, ku cinca lokukulu eka OH bending vibration eka 1360 1/cm swivoniwe eka ndzhawu ya fingerprint, tani hileswi swikombisiweke eka Xifaniso xa 9.
Hilaha ku fanaka, eka xiyimo xa glycerol, ku cinca ka OH stretching na bending vibrations swikumeke eka wavenumbers ya 3291 1/cm na 1414 1/cm, hiku landzelelana. Sweswi, hi ku xopaxopa spectrum ya as-prepared NADES, ku cinca lokukulu eka spectrum ku kumiwile. Hilaha swi kombisiweke hakona eka xifaniso xa 7, ku rhurhumela ka ku ololoka ka C=O bond ku cincile ku suka eka 1752 1/cm ku ya eka 1720 1/cm naswona ku rhurhumela ka ku gombonyoka ka -OH bond ya glycerol ku cincile ku suka eka 1414 1/cm ku ya eka 1359 1/cm. Ku cinca loku ka ti wavenumbers ku kombisa ku cinca ka electronegativity, leswi kombisaka ku vumbiwa ka swihlanganisi leswintshwa swa tikhemikhali eka xivumbeko xa NADES.